2019 AIME I 第 10 题

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10.

对于互不相同的复数 z1,z2,,z673z_1, z_2, \ldots, z_{673},多项式 可以表示为 x2019+20x2018x^{2019} + 20x^{2018} +19x2017+g(x)+ 19x^{2017} + g(x),其中 g(x)g(x) 是次数至多为 20162016 的复系数多项式。数值 可以表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n(xz1)3(xz2)3(xz673)3 \begin{gathered} (x - z_1)^3 (x - z_2)^3 \\ \cdots (x - z_{673})^3 \end{gathered} 1j<k673zjzk\left| \sum_{1 \le j \lt k \le 673} z_j z_k \right|

For distinct complex numbers z1,z2,,z673,z_1, z_2, \ldots, z_{673}, the polynomial (xz1)3(xz2)3(xz673)3 \begin{gathered} (x - z_1)^3 (x - z_2)^3 \\ \cdots (x - z_{673})^3 \end{gathered} can be expressed as x2019+20x2018x^{2019} + 20x^{2018} +19x2017+g(x),+ 19x^{2017} + g(x), where g(x)g(x) is a polynomial with complex coefficients and with degree at most 2016.2016. The value of 1j<k673zjzk\left| \sum_{1 \le j \lt k \le 673} z_j z_k \right| can be expressed in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:352
知识点:韦达定理多项式
难度评级:2840
解答:

该多项式的 20192019 个根是各个 zjz_j,每个重复三次。由韦达定理,x2018x^{2018} 的系数是所有根之和的相反数: 3jzj=203\sum_j z_j = -20,所以 jzj=203\sum_j z_j = -\frac{20}{3}

x2017x^{2017} 的系数是所有无序根对乘积之和。一个根对可以取自同一个三重根(每个 jj(32)=3\binom{3}{2} = 3 对),也可以取自两个不同三重根(每个 j<kj \lt k33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 对)。 记 S=j<kzjzkS = \sum_{j \lt k} z_j z_k,则 所以 3S=194003=34333S = 19 - \frac{400}{3} = -\frac{343}{3}S=3439S = -\frac{343}{9}19=3jzj2+9S=3[(203)22S]+9S=4003+3S, \begin{aligned} 19 &= 3\sum_j z_j^2 + 9S \\ &= 3\left[\left(-\tfrac{20}{3}\right)^2 - 2S\right] + 9S \\ &= \frac{400}{3} + 3S, \end{aligned}

因此 S=3439|S| = \frac{343}{9},已为最简分数,m+n=343+9=352m + n = 343 + 9 = 352

The polynomial's 20192019 roots are the numbers zj,z_j, each repeated three times. By Vieta's formulas, the coefficient of x2018x^{2018} is minus the sum of all roots: 3jzj=20,3\sum_j z_j = -20, so jzj=203.\sum_j z_j = -\frac{20}{3}.

The coefficient of x2017x^{2017} is the sum over unordered pairs of roots. A pair may use two copies from one triple ((32)=3\binom{3}{2} = 3 pairs for each jj) or copies from two different triples (33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 pairs for each j<kj \lt k). Writing S=j<kzjzk,S = \sum_{j \lt k} z_j z_k, 19=3jzj2+9S=3[(203)22S]+9S=4003+3S, \begin{aligned} 19 &= 3\sum_j z_j^2 + 9S \\ &= 3\left[\left(-\tfrac{20}{3}\right)^2 - 2S\right] + 9S \\ &= \frac{400}{3} + 3S, \end{aligned} so 3S=194003=34333S = 19 - \frac{400}{3} = -\frac{343}{3} and S=3439.S = -\frac{343}{9}.

Hence S=3439,|S| = \frac{343}{9}, which is in lowest terms, and m+n=343+9=352.m + n = 343 + 9 = 352.

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