2018 AIME I 第 15 题

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15.

David 找到四根长度不同的木棍,它们可用来组成三个不全等的凸圆内接四边形 AABBCC,每个都可内接于半径为 11 的圆。令 φA\varphi_A 表示四边形 AA 的对角线所成锐角的大小,并类似地定义 φB\varphi_BφC\varphi_C。已知 sinφA=23\sin\varphi_A = \frac{2}{3}sinφB=35\sin\varphi_B = \frac{3}{5}sinφC=67\sin\varphi_C = \frac{6}{7}。 三个四边形面积相同,均为 KK 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n} 的形式,其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。 求 m+nm + n

David found four sticks of different lengths that can be used to form three non-congruent convex cyclic quadrilaterals, A,A, B,B, C,C, which can each be inscribed in a circle with radius 1.1. Let φA\varphi_A denote the measure of the acute angle made by the diagonals of quadrilateral A,A, and define φB\varphi_B and φC\varphi_C similarly. Suppose that sinφA=23,\sin\varphi_A = \frac{2}{3}, sinφB=35,\sin\varphi_B = \frac{3}{5}, and sinφC=67.\sin\varphi_C = \frac{6}{7}. All three quadrilaterals have the same area K,K, which can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:59
知识点:圆内接四边形三角学面积
难度评级:3500
解答:

四根木棍是单位圆的弦,分别截出固定弧 α\alphaβ\betaγ\gammaδ\delta,且 α+β+γ+δ=360\alpha + \beta + \gamma + \delta = 360^\circ。三个四边形对应三种不同的边的循环顺序:设 AA 的弧依次为 α,β,γ,δ\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta;那么 BB(顺序 α,γ,β,δ\alpha, \gamma, \beta, \delta)和 CC(顺序 α,β,δ,γ\alpha, \beta, \delta, \gamma)是另外两种。 圆内接四边形的对角线夹角等于任一对对边所截弧之和的一半,所以 sinφB=sinα+β2\sin\varphi_B = \sin\frac{\alpha + \beta}{2},且 sinφC=sinα+δ2=sinβ+γ2\sin\varphi_C = \sin\frac{\alpha + \delta}{2} = \sin\frac{\beta + \gamma}{2}

半径为 11 的圆中,跨越弧 θ\theta 的弦长为 2sinθ22\sin\frac{\theta}{2}。四边形 AA 的两条对角线分别跨越弧 α+β\alpha + \betaβ+γ\beta + \gamma,所以长度为 2sinφB2\sin\varphi_B2sinφC2\sin\varphi_C。于是 K=12d1d2sinφA=2sinφAsinφBsinφC, \begin{aligned} &K = \frac{1}{2}\,d_1 d_2 \sin\varphi_A \\ &= 2\sin\varphi_A \sin\varphi_B \sin\varphi_C, \end{aligned} 这是关于三个四边形对称的公式,因此三者面积相等。

所以 K=2233567=2435K = 2 \cdot \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{6}{7} = \frac{24}{35},于是 m+n=24+35=59m + n = 24 + 35 = 59

The four sticks are chords of the unit circle subtending fixed arcs α,\alpha, β,\beta, γ,\gamma, δ\delta with α+β+γ+δ=360.\alpha + \beta + \gamma + \delta = 360^\circ. The three quadrilaterals are the three distinct cyclic orders of the sides: say AA has arcs in order α,β,γ,δ;\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta; then BB (order α,γ,β,δ\alpha, \gamma, \beta, \delta) and CC (order α,β,δ,γ\alpha, \beta, \delta, \gamma) are the other two. The angle between the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral is half the sum of the arcs subtended by either pair of opposite sides, so sinφB=sinα+β2\sin\varphi_B = \sin\frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} and sinφC=sinα+δ2=sinβ+γ2.\sin\varphi_C = \sin\frac{\alpha + \delta}{2} = \sin\frac{\beta + \gamma}{2}.

In a circle of radius 1,1, a chord spanning an arc θ\theta has length 2sinθ2.2\sin\frac{\theta}{2}. The diagonals of AA span the arcs α+β\alpha + \beta and β+γ,\beta + \gamma, so their lengths are 2sinφB2\sin\varphi_B and 2sinφC.2\sin\varphi_C. Hence K=12d1d2sinφA=2sinφAsinφBsinφC, \begin{aligned} &K = \frac{1}{2}\,d_1 d_2 \sin\varphi_A \\ &= 2\sin\varphi_A \sin\varphi_B \sin\varphi_C, \end{aligned} a formula symmetric in the three quadrilaterals, which is why all three areas are equal.

Therefore K=2233567=2435,K = 2 \cdot \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{6}{7} = \frac{24}{35}, and m+n=24+35=59.m + n = 24 + 35 = 59.

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