2017 AIME I 第 15 题

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15.

如图,在边长为 232\sqrt{3}55, 和 37\sqrt{37} 的直角三角形中,最小的等边三角形的三个顶点 分别位于这个直角三角形的三条边上。该等边三角形的面积为 mpn\frac{m\sqrt{p}}{n},其中 mmnn, 和 pp 是正整数,mmnn 互质,且 pp 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p

The area of the smallest equilateral triangle with one vertex on each of the sides of the right triangle with side lengths 23,2\sqrt{3}, 5,5, and 37,\sqrt{37}, as shown, is mpn,\frac{m\sqrt{p}}{n}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers, mm and nn are relatively prime, and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:145
知识点:等边三角形坐标几何三角恒等式最优化
难度评级:3370
解答:

将直角顶点放在原点 (0,0)(0, 0),另外两个顶点为 (5,0)(5, 0)(0,23)(0, 2\sqrt{3}),则斜边所在直线为 23x+5y=1032\sqrt{3}\,x + 5y = 10\sqrt{3}。设等边三角形位于两条直角边上的那条边的端点为 (scosθ,0)(s\cos\theta, 0)(0,ssinθ)(0, s\sin\theta),其中 ss 是边长。它的中点为 s2(cosθ,sinθ)\frac{s}{2}(\cos\theta, \sin\theta),沿着垂直于这条边的方向移动 32s\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}s 后,第三个顶点为 s2\frac{s}{2} (cosθ+3sinθ, sinθ+3cosθ)\cdot\small\left(\cos\theta + \sqrt{3}\sin\theta,\ \sin\theta + \sqrt{3}\cos\theta\right)

将这个顶点代入斜边方程并化简,得到 s=20373cosθ+11sinθ.s = \frac{20\sqrt{3}}{7\sqrt{3}\cos\theta + 11\sin\theta}. 分母最大为 (73)2+112\sqrt{(7\sqrt{3})^2 + 11^2} =268=267= \sqrt{268} = 2\sqrt{67},并且可由某个可行的 θ\theta 取得,所以最小边长满足 s2=(103)267=30067s^2 = \frac{(10\sqrt{3})^2}{67} = \frac{300}{67}

最小面积为 3430067=75367\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot \frac{300}{67} = \frac{75\sqrt{3}}{67},所以 m+n+p=75+67+3=145m + n + p = 75 + 67 + 3 = 145

Place the right angle at the origin with vertices (0,0),(0, 0), (5,0),(5, 0), and (0,23),(0, 2\sqrt{3}), so the hypotenuse lies on the line 23x+5y=103.2\sqrt{3}\,x + 5y = 10\sqrt{3}. Let the equilateral triangle's side between the two legs have endpoints (scosθ,0)(s\cos\theta, 0) and (0,ssinθ),(0, s\sin\theta), where ss is the side length. Its midpoint is s2(cosθ,sinθ),\frac{s}{2}(\cos\theta, \sin\theta), and moving a distance 32s\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}s perpendicular to the side places the third vertex at s2\frac{s}{2} (cosθ+3sinθ, sinθ+3cosθ).\cdot\small\left(\cos\theta + \sqrt{3}\sin\theta,\ \sin\theta + \sqrt{3}\cos\theta\right).

Substituting this vertex into the hypotenuse equation and simplifying gives s=20373cosθ+11sinθ.s = \frac{20\sqrt{3}}{7\sqrt{3}\cos\theta + 11\sin\theta}. The denominator is at most (73)2+112\sqrt{(7\sqrt{3})^2 + 11^2} =268=267,= \sqrt{268} = 2\sqrt{67}, attained for an admissible θ,\theta, so the minimum side length satisfies s2=(103)267=30067.s^2 = \frac{(10\sqrt{3})^2}{67} = \frac{300}{67}.

The minimum area is 3430067=75367,\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot \frac{300}{67} = \frac{75\sqrt{3}}{67}, so m+n+p=75+67+3=145.m + n + p = 75 + 67 + 3 = 145.

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