2007 AIME I 第 4 题

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4.

三颗行星绕一颗恒星在同一平面内做圆周运动,恒星位于圆心。所有行星沿同一方向、以各自恒定速度运行, 它们的公转周期分别为 60608484, 和 140140 年。现在恒星和三颗行星的位置共线。 它们下一次共线将在 nn 年后。求 nn

Three planets revolve about a star in coplanar circular orbits with the star at the center. All planets revolve in the same direction, each at a constant speed, and the periods of their orbits are 60,60, 84,84, and 140140 years. The positions of the star and all three planets are currently collinear. They will next be collinear after nn years. Find n.n.

答案:105
知识点:最小公倍数相对速度
难度评级:2230
解答:

四个天体在同一直线上,当且仅当每一对行星都与恒星共线,也就是说每一对行星的角位置相差 180180^\circ 的倍数,即半圈的倍数。在 nn 年内,三颗行星分别转过 n60\frac{n}{60}n84\frac{n}{84}, 和 n140\frac{n}{140} 圈,所以两两差为 n60n84=n210,n84n140=n210,n60n140=n105.\begin{aligned} &\frac{n}{60} - \frac{n}{84} = \frac{n}{210}, \\ &\frac{n}{84} - \frac{n}{140} = \frac{n}{210}, \\ &\frac{n}{60} - \frac{n}{140} = \frac{n}{105}. \end{aligned}

我们需要 n210\frac{n}{210}n105\frac{n}{105} 都是 12\frac{1}{2} 的倍数。第一个条件要求 nn105105 的倍数,而任何这样的 nn 都会使 n105\frac{n}{105} 为整数。 最小的正数选择为 n=105n = 105

All four bodies lie on one line exactly when every pair of planets is collinear with the star, i.e. when each pair's angular positions differ by a multiple of 180180^\circ — half a revolution. In nn years the planets complete n60,\frac{n}{60}, n84,\frac{n}{84}, and n140\frac{n}{140} revolutions, so the pairwise differences are n60n84=n210,n84n140=n210,n60n140=n105.\begin{aligned} &\frac{n}{60} - \frac{n}{84} = \frac{n}{210}, \\ &\frac{n}{84} - \frac{n}{140} = \frac{n}{210}, \\ &\frac{n}{60} - \frac{n}{140} = \frac{n}{105}. \end{aligned}

We need n210\frac{n}{210} and n105\frac{n}{105} to be multiples of 12.\frac{1}{2}. The first requires nn to be a multiple of 105,105, and any such nn makes n105\frac{n}{105} an integer. The smallest positive choice is n=105.n = 105.

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