2006 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

SnS_n 为从 1110n10^n,(含端点)所有整数的非零数字的倒数之和。求最小的正整数 nn,使得 SnS_n 是整数。

Let SnS_n be the sum of the reciprocals of the nonzero digits of the integers from 11 to 10n,10^n, inclusive. Find the smallest positive integer nn for which SnS_n is an integer.

答案:63
知识点:数字整除性求和
难度评级:3060
解答:

0010n110^n - 1 的整数写成带前导零的 nn 位字符串。每个 nn 位位置取每个数字值的次数相同, 所以每个非零数字出现 n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} 次。再加上数字 11,来自 10n10^n 本身, Sn=1+n10n1(1+12++19)=1+71292520n10n1. \begin{aligned} S_n &= 1 \\ &\quad {}+ n \\ &\quad {}\cdot 10^{n-1}\small\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{9}\right) \\ &= 1 + \frac{7129}{2520}\, n \cdot 10^{n-1}. \end{aligned}

因为 gcd(7129,2520)=1\gcd(7129, 2520) = 1, 该和是整数当且仅当 2520n10n12520 \mid n \cdot 10^{n-1}。 现在 2520=2332572520 = 2^3 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5 \cdot 7, 且当 n4n \ge 4 时,因子 10n110^{n-1} 提供 2352^3 \cdot 5, 剩下条件 63n63 \mid n1010 的幂不含因子 3377)。对于 n=1,2,3n = 1, 2, 3,乘积 1,20,3001, 20, 300 都不是 25202520 的倍数。

因此最小解为 n=63n = 63

Write the integers from 00 to 10n110^n - 1 as nn-digit strings with leading zeros. Each of the nn digit positions takes each digit value equally often, so each nonzero digit appears n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} times. Adding the digit 11 of 10n10^n itself, Sn=1+n10n1(1+12++19)=1+71292520n10n1. \begin{aligned} S_n &= 1 \\ &\quad {}+ n \\ &\quad {}\cdot 10^{n-1}\small\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{9}\right) \\ &= 1 + \frac{7129}{2520}\, n \cdot 10^{n-1}. \end{aligned}

Since gcd(7129,2520)=1,\gcd(7129, 2520) = 1, the sum is an integer exactly when 2520n10n1.2520 \mid n \cdot 10^{n-1}. Now 2520=233257,2520 = 2^3 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5 \cdot 7, and for n4n \ge 4 the factor 10n110^{n-1} supplies 235,2^3 \cdot 5, leaving the condition 63n63 \mid n (a power of 1010 has no factors of 33 or 77). For n=1,2,3n = 1, 2, 3 the products 1,20,3001, 20, 300 are not multiples of 2520.2520.

The smallest solution is therefore n=63.n = 63.

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