2019 AMC 12B 第 10 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

10.

下图是一张地图,显示 1212 座城市和连接某些城市对的 1717 条道路。Paula 想从城市 AA 出发,到城市 LL 结束,恰好走过其中 1313 条道路,且任何一段道路都不能走超过一次。(Paula 可以多次到访同一座城市。)Paula 有多少条不同路线可以选择?

The figure below is a map showing 1212 cities and 1717 roads connecting certain pairs of cities. Paula wishes to travel along exactly 1313 of those roads, starting at city AA and ending at city L,L, without traveling along any portion of a road more than once. (Paula is allowed to visit a city more than once.) How many different routes can Paula take?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:E
知识点:图论奇偶性分类讨论
难度评级:1640
小提示:

用掉 1717 条道路中的 1313 条,正好留下 44 条不用

Using 1313 of the 1717 roads leaves exactly 44 roads unused

大提示:

只有当仅 AALL 的度数为奇数时才存在这样的迹;这会强制决定要删掉哪 44 条道路

A trail exists only if just AA and LL have odd degree; this forces which 44 roads to drop

解答:

将上排四座城市依次命名为 A,B,C,DA,B,C,D,中排为 E,F,G,HE,F,G,H,下排为 I,J,K,LI,J,K,L。一条使用 1313 条道路的路线是一条开放欧拉迹,所以在所用道路构成的图中,只有 AALL 的度数为奇数。

在完整地图中,需要改变度数奇偶性的顶点是 A,B,C,E,H,J,K,LA,B,C,E,H,J,K,L。因为只删除 44 条道路,这四条道路必须将这 88 个顶点两两配对。其中 EE 只与 AA 相邻,所以必须删除 AEAE;随后 BCBC 也被迫删除。同理,HH 只与 LL 相邻,所以必须删除 HLHL,随后删除 JKJK

剩余图是一条链 ABF,FEIJF,FG,GCDHG,GKL \begin{gathered} A-B-F,\\ F-E-I-J-F,\\ F-G,\\ G-C-D-H-G,\\ G-K-L \end{gathered}\text{。}两个 44 边形环各可沿两个方向遍历,其余部分都被迫确定。因此共有 22=42\cdot2=4 条路线。

所以 E 是正确答案。

Name the four cities in the top row A,B,C,D,A,B,C,D, those in the middle row E,F,G,H,E,F,G,H, and those in the bottom row I,J,K,L.I,J,K,L. A route using 1313 roads is an open Euler trail, so in the used graph exactly AA and LL have odd degree.

In the full map, the vertices whose degree parity must change are A,B,C,E,H,J,K,L.A,B,C,E,H,J,K,L. Because only 44 roads are removed, those roads must pair these 88 vertices. Among them, EE is adjacent only to A,A, forcing AEAE to be removed; then BCBC is forced. Similarly HH is adjacent only to L,L, forcing HL,HL, and then JK.JK.

The remaining graph is a chain ABF,FEIJF,FG,GCDHG,GKL. \begin{gathered} A-B-F,\\ F-E-I-J-F,\\ F-G,\\ G-C-D-H-G,\\ G-K-L. \end{gathered} Each of the two 44-cycles can be traversed in either direction, and everything else is forced. Hence there are 22=42\cdot2=4 routes.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

第 9 题#9
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