1986 AMC 12 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
答案:B
小提示:
先去掉最内层的括号,再减去第二个方括号中的式子
Remove the innermost parentheses before subtracting the second bracket
大提示:
仔细处理每个方括号前的负号
Track the minus sign in front of each bracket carefully
解答:
展开两个方括号中的式子,得到
所以正确答案是 B。
Expanding the two bracketed expressions gives
Thus the correct answer is B.
2.
若 平面上的直线 的斜率是直线 斜率的一半,且 轴截距是该直线截距的两倍,则 的一个方程是
If the line in the -plane has half the slope and twice the -intercept of the line then an equation for is
答案:A
小提示:
从 中读出斜率和截距
Read the slope and intercept from
大提示:
分别对系数和常数项作题目要求的变换
Apply the two requested changes to the coefficient and constant separately
解答:
原直线的斜率为 , 轴截距为 。因此, 的斜率为 , 轴截距为 ,所以它的方程是 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The original line has slope and -intercept Therefore has slope and -intercept so its equation is
Thus the correct answer is A.
3.
如图, 在 处为直角,且 。若 是 的平分线,则
In the figure, has a right angle at and If is the bisector of then
小提示:
先求出 ,可利用 的内角和
First find from the angle sum of
大提示:
利用角平分线,再利用直角三角形 的内角和
Use the bisector and then the angle sum of right triangle
解答:
由于 ,且 ,所以 。角平分线给出 。因此,在直角三角形 中,
所以正确答案是 D。
Since and we have The bisector gives Therefore, in right triangle
Thus the correct answer is D.
4.
设 为下列命题:
“若整数 的各位数字之和能被 整除,则 能被 整除。”
下列哪个 值说明 为假?
Let be the statement
“If the sum of the digits of the whole number is divisible by then is divisible by ”
A value of which shows to be false is
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
反例必须满足命题的条件,但不满足结论
A counterexample must satisfy the hypothesis but not the conclusion
大提示:
能被 整除,必须同时能被 和 整除
Divisibility by requires both divisibility by and by
解答:
数字 的各位数字之和为 ,能被 整除。但是 是奇数,所以不能被 整除。因此, 使该命题为假。
所以正确答案是 B。
The digit sum of is which is divisible by However, is odd, so it is not divisible by Thus makes the implication false.
Therefore the correct answer is B.
5.
化简 。
Simplify
答案:A
小提示:
将 写成 的幂,并将 化为假分数
Rewrite as a power of and as an improper fraction
大提示:
先化简两个根式,再将它们的差平方
Simplify both radicals before squaring their difference
解答:
有 ,且 因此,原式为
所以正确答案是 A。
We have and Hence the expression is
Thus the correct answer is A.
6.
在一张高度固定的桌子上,按图 所示放置两块完全相同的木块,测得长度 为 英寸。将木块重新摆成图 所示的位置后,测得长度 为 英寸。桌子有多高?
Using a table of a certain height, two identical blocks of wood are placed as shown in Figure Length is found to be inches. After rearranging the blocks as in Figure length is found to be inches. How high is the table?
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
答案:C
小提示:
设桌高为 ,木块的两个尺寸为 和
Let be the table height and let the block dimensions be and
大提示:
分别为两幅图写出竖直距离方程,然后相加
Write one vertical-distance equation for each figure and add them
解答:
设桌高为 ,木块的长、短边尺寸分别为 。图 给出 ,图 给出 。两式相加后,木块的尺寸相消: 所以 英寸。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let be the table height and let be the long and short block dimensions. Figure gives while Figure gives Adding cancels the block dimensions: so inches.
Thus the correct answer is C.
7.
不大于 的最大整数与不小于 的最小整数之和为 。 的解集是
The sum of the greatest integer less than or equal to and the least integer greater than or equal to is The solution set for is
答案:E
小提示:
分别讨论 为整数和非整数的情形
Treat integer and noninteger values of separately
大提示:
当 不是整数时,向上取整值比向下取整值大一
For noninteger the ceiling is one more than the floor
解答:
若 是整数,则 ,不可能等于 。若 不是整数,则 它等于 的充要条件是 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 E。
If is an integer, then which cannot equal If is not an integer, then This equals exactly when so
Thus the correct answer is E.
8.
美国在 年的人口为 。国土面积为 平方英里。每平方英里有 平方英尺。下列哪个数最接近人均占有的平方英尺数?
The population of the United States in was The area of the country is square miles. There are square feet in one square mile. Which number below best approximates the average number of square feet per person?
答案:E
小提示:
用总平方英尺数除以人口
Divide total square feet by population
大提示:
相乘前,将已知数四舍五入到两位有效数字
Round the given values to two significant digits before multiplying
解答:
平均值约为 平方英尺/人。在各选项中,它最接近 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The average is approximately square feet per person. Of the choices, this is closest to
Thus the correct answer is E.
9.
乘积 等于
The product equals
答案:C
小提示:
将 按平方差分解
Factor as a difference of squares
大提示:
把乘积分成 和 两类因子
Separate the product into factors and
解答:
对每个 , 因此乘积发生连锁消去:
所以正确答案是 C。
For each Therefore the product telescopes:
Thus the correct answer is C.
10.
将 AHSME 的 个字母排列按字典顺序排列,把每个排列看成一个普通的五字母单词。这个表中第 个单词的最后一个字母是
The permutations of AHSME are arranged in dictionary order, as if each were an ordinary five-letter word. The last letter of the th word in this list is
答案:E
小提示:
按照首字母,将这些单词分为每组 个的若干组
Group the words into blocks of according to their first letter
大提示:
在以 开头的一组中,再按第二个字母分组,只列出所需的那个小组
Within the -block, group by the second letter and then list only the needed small block
解答:
每个首字母对应一组 个单词。第 至第 个单词以 开头,所以第 个单词是这一组中的第 个。前 个以 开头,接下来 个以 开头,第 至第 个以 开头。其中前两个是 和 。因此,第 个单词以 E 结尾。
所以正确答案是 E。
Each first letter occupies a block of words. Positions through begin with so the th word is the th word in that block. The first begin with the next with and the th through th begin with The first two of those are and Thus the th word ends in E.
Therefore the correct answer is E.
11.
在 中,、、。此外, 是边 的中点, 是从 向 所作高的垂足。 的长度为
In and Also, is the midpoint of side and is the foot of the altitude from to The length of is
答案:B
小提示:
重点考察直角三角形
Focus on right triangle
大提示:
回想直角三角形斜边中点到三个顶点的距离
Recall the distance from the midpoint of a right triangle’s hypotenuse to each vertex
解答:
三角形 在 处为直角,且 是其斜边 的中点。直角三角形的斜边中点到三个顶点的距离相等,所以
所以正确答案是 B。
Triangle is right at and is the midpoint of its hypotenuse The midpoint of a right triangle’s hypotenuse is equidistant from all three vertices, so
Thus the correct answer is B.
12.
John 在本年度的 AHSME 中得了 分。如果仍采用旧计分制,他用同样的作答只能得到 分。他有多少道题没有作答?(在该年度的新计分制中,每答对一题得 分,答错得 分,未作答得 分。在此前的计分制中,初始分为 分,每答对一题加 分,每答错一题扣 分,未作答不加分也不扣分。 年的 AHSME 共有 道题。)
John scores on this year’s AHSME. Had the old scoring system still been in effect, he would score only for the same answers. How many questions does he leave unanswered? (In the new scoring system that year, one received points for each correct answer, points for each wrong answer, and points for each problem left unanswered. In the previous scoring system, one started with points, received more for each correct answer, lost point for each wrong answer, and neither gained nor lost points for unanswered questions. There are questions in the AHSME.)
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
答案:B
小提示:
设答对、答错和未作答的题数分别为
Let be the numbers correct, wrong and unanswered
大提示:
先利用 改写旧计分制下的分数,再与新计分制下的分数比较
Use to rewrite the old score before comparing it with the new score
解答:
设答对、答错和未作答的题数分别为 。旧计分制下的分数和总题数给出 消去 ,得到 。新计分制下的分数为 。两式相减,得到 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let be the numbers correct, wrong and unanswered. The old score and total number of questions give Eliminating yields The new score is Subtracting these equations gives
Thus the correct answer is B.
13.
抛物线 的顶点为 。若 在此抛物线上,则 等于
A parabola has vertex If is on the parabola, then equals
答案:E
小提示:
将抛物线写成顶点式
Write the parabola in vertex form
大提示:
用给定点求出 ,再展开式子读出 和
Use the given point to find then expand to read and
解答:
将方程写成 。代入 ,得到 ,所以 。展开得 因此 、,且 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Write the equation as Substituting gives so Expanding, Thus and
Therefore the correct answer is E.
14.
假设“跃步”“跨步”和“跳步”是特定的长度单位。若 个跃步等于 个跨步, 个跳步等于 个跃步,且 个跳步等于 米,那么一米等于多少个跨步?
Suppose hops, skips and jumps are specific units of length. If hops equals skips, jumps equals hops, and jumps equals meters, then one meter equals how many skips?
小提示:
将每个等式化为一个单位的换算关系
Turn each equality into a conversion factor for one unit
大提示:
依次将米换算为跳步、将跳步换算为跃步、再将跃步换算为跨步
Convert meters to jumps, jumps to hops, and hops to skips in that order
解答:
由三个关系可得 将换算因子相乘,得到 个跨步。
所以正确答案是 D。
From the three relations, Multiplying the conversion factors gives skips.
Thus the correct answer is D.
15.
一名学生试图计算平均数 ,即 、、 的平均数。他先求 与 的平均数,再求所得结果与 的平均数。只要 ,该学生最后得到的结果就
A student attempted to compute the average, of and by computing the average of and and then computing the average of the result and Whenever the student’s final result is
正确
correct
总是小于
always less than
总是大于
always greater than
有时小于 ,有时等于
sometimes less than and sometimes equal to
有时大于 ,有时等于
sometimes greater than and sometimes equal to
答案:C
小提示:
分别写出正确的平均数和该学生所得结果的代数式
Write both the true average and the student’s result as algebraic expressions
大提示:
用该学生的结果减去正确的平均数,并利用 判断差的正负
Subtract the true average and use the order to determine the sign
解答:
该学生得到的结果为 ,正确的平均数为 。两者之差为 由于 ,且 ,分子为正。因此,该学生的结果总是大于 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The student’s result is while the true average is Their difference is Since and the numerator is positive. The student’s result is therefore always greater than
Thus the correct answer is C.
16.
在 中,、、。如图,将边 延长到点 ,使得 与 相似。 的长度为
In and side is extended, as shown in the figure, to a point so that is similar to The length of is
答案:C
小提示:
按照 中顶点的顺序配对对应边
Use the vertex order in to match corresponding sides
大提示:
令 ,同时利用 和连续的相似比
Set and use both and the repeated similarity ratio
解答:
题目给出的相似顺序说明 令 。则 ,且 。由于 , 解得 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The stated order of similarity gives Let Then and Since which gives
Thus the correct answer is C.
17.
一间暗室里的抽屉中有 只红袜、 只绿袜、 只蓝袜和 只黑袜。一个孩子从抽屉中逐只取出袜子,但看不到取出的袜子是什么颜色。至少必须取出多少只袜子,才能保证其中至少有 双?(一双袜子是两只颜色相同的袜子。每只袜子至多计入一双。)
A drawer in a darkened room contains red socks, green socks, blue socks and black socks. A youngster selects socks one at a time from the drawer but is unable to see the color of the socks drawn. What is the smallest number of socks that must be selected to guarantee that the selection contains at least pairs? (A pair of socks is two socks of the same color. No sock may be counted in more than one pair.)
答案:B
小提示:
对每种颜色,所取袜子中至多有一只无法配对
For each color, at most one selected sock can remain unpaired
大提示:
利用袜子总数的奇偶性改进“四只未配对”的界,再构造一个只差一点的反例
Use the parity of the total to sharpen the four-unpaired bound, then construct a near-miss
解答:
取出 只袜子时,数量为奇数的颜色种数也必须为奇数,所以至多为 。因此,至多有 只袜子未配对,余下至少 只袜子可组成 双。但是,取出 只还不够:若四种颜色的数量分别为 ,则只能组成 双。因此,最小数量为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
With selected socks, the number of colors having an odd count must itself be odd, so it is at most Thus at most socks are unpaired, leaving at least socks in pairs. But socks do not suffice: color counts produce only pairs. Therefore the minimum is
Thus the correct answer is B.
18.
一个平面与半径为 的直圆柱相交,截面为椭圆。若椭圆的长轴比短轴长 ,则长轴的长度为
A plane intersects a right circular cylinder of radius forming an ellipse. If the major axis of the ellipse is longer than the minor axis, the length of the major axis is
答案:E
小提示:
这种椭圆截面的短轴是圆柱的一条直径
The minor axis of such an elliptical section is a diameter of the cylinder
大提示:
将该直径增加 ,即可得到长轴
Increase that diameter by to obtain the major axis
解答:
直圆柱的椭圆平面截面的短轴是一条圆柱直径,因此其长度为 。长轴比它长 ,所以长轴的长度为
所以正确答案是 E。
The minor axis of an elliptical plane section of a right circular cylinder is a diameter of the cylinder. Its length is therefore The major axis is longer, so its length is
Thus the correct answer is E.
19.
一个公园呈正六边形,每边长 千米。Alice 从一个顶点出发,沿公园周界走了 千米。此时她与起点相距多少千米?
A park is in the shape of a regular hexagon km on a side. Starting at a corner, Alice walks along the perimeter of the park for a distance of km. How many kilometers is she from her starting point?
答案:A
小提示:
这段路程由两条完整的边和下一条边的一半组成
The walk consists of two complete sides and half of the next side
大提示:
将三个有向线段分解为水平分量和竖直分量
Resolve the three directed segments into horizontal and vertical components
解答:
令第一条边沿水平方向。三段有向路程对应的向量为 它们的和为 。其长度的平方为 因此距离为 千米。
所以正确答案是 A。
Choose the first side in the horizontal direction. The three directed portions of the walk have vectors Their sum is Its squared length is The distance is therefore km.
Thus the correct answer is A.
20.
设 与 成反比且均为正数。若 增加 ,则 减少
Suppose and are inversely proportional and positive. If increases by then decreases by
答案:E
小提示:
增加 会使 乘以
An increase by multiplies by
大提示:
反比例关系会使 除以该因子;将新值与原值比较
Inverse proportionality divides by that factor; compare the new value with the old one
解答:
的新值为 。因此, 的新值为 减少的比例为 。化成百分数,就是 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The new value of is Hence the new value of is The fractional decrease is Expressed as a percentage, this is
Thus the correct answer is E.
21.
在下图中, 以弧度为单位, 是圆心, 和 都是线段,且 在 点与圆相切。
在 的条件下,两个阴影部分面积相等的充要条件是
In the configuration below, is measured in radians, is the center of the circle, and are line segments, and is tangent to the circle at
A necessary and sufficient condition for the equality of the two shaded areas, given is
答案:B
小提示:
令圆的半径为 ,比较扇形与三角形 的面积
Let the circle’s radius be and compare a sector with triangle
大提示:
两个阴影部分面积相等,意味着整个三角形的面积是该扇形面积的两倍
Equality of the two shaded pieces means the whole triangle has twice the sector’s area
解答:
令圆的半径为 ,其上方阴影扇形的面积为 。另一个阴影部分是从三角形 中去掉一个面积相同的扇形。因此,两个阴影部分面积相等的条件可写为: 该式等价于 。又因为 在 点与圆相切,三角形 在 点为直角,并且 ,所以所需条件为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Let The upper shaded sector has area The lower shaded region is triangle with an equal sector removed. Thus the two shaded regions are equal exactly when This is equivalent to Since is tangent at triangle is right at and Therefore the condition is
Thus the correct answer is B.
22.
从 中随机选取六个互不相同的整数。在所选整数中,第二小的数是 的概率是多少?
Six distinct integers are picked at random from What is the probability that, among those selected, the second smallest is
以上均非
none of these
答案:C
小提示:
先数出这十个整数的所有六元子集
Count all six-element subsets of the ten integers
大提示:
若第二小的数是 ,应从小于 的数中选一个,从大于 的数中选四个
For second-smallest choose one element below and four above
解答:
共有 个可能的集合。若第二小的元素是 ,则必须选取 ,再从 中选一个,并从 中选四个。因此满足条件的集合有 个。所求概率为 。
因此正确答案是 C。
There are possible sets. If the second-smallest element is then is selected, one element is chosen from and four are chosen from This gives favorable sets. The probability is
Thus the correct answer is C.
23.
设 有多少个正因数?
Let How many positive integers are factors of
答案:E
小提示:
识别系数
Recognize the coefficients
大提示:
使用二项式定理后,将所得的底数分解为质因数
After using the binomial theorem, factor the resulting base into primes
解答:
由二项式定理, 构造一个因数时,可以分别为这三个质因数选择从 到 的指数。因此, 有 个正因数。
因此正确答案是 E。
By the binomial theorem, A divisor independently chooses an exponent from through for each of the three primes. Thus has positive divisors.
Therefore the correct answer is E.
24.
设 ,其中 和 均为整数。若 同时是下列两个多项式的因式:
以及
那么 等于多少?
Let where and are integers. If is a factor of both
and
what is
答案:D
小提示:
公因式必定整除这两个多项式的任意整数线性组合
A common factor divides every integer linear combination of the two polynomials
大提示:
用第一个多项式的三倍减去第二个多项式
Subtract the second polynomial from three times the first
解答:
公因式 整除 由于 是整系数首一多项式,由高斯引理可知它整除 。这两个多项式都是同次的首一多项式,所以 。因此 。
因此正确答案是 D。
The common factor divides Because is monic with integer coefficients, Gauss’s lemma implies that it divides The two polynomials are monic and have the same degree, so Hence
Thus the correct answer is D.
25.
若 表示不大于 的最大整数,则
If is the greatest integer less than or equal to then
以上均非
none of these
答案:B
小提示:
将整数 按照其所在区间 分组
Group the integers according to the interval
大提示:
共有 个整数属于第 组;单独处理
There are integers in the th group; handle separately
解答:
对于 ,恰有 个整数 满足 ,每个都贡献 。最后一个整数 贡献 。因此 由有限几何级数的恒等式,,所以所求的和为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
For exactly integers satisfy and each contributes The final integer contributes Hence The finite geometric-sum identity gives so the requested sum is
Thus the correct answer is B.
26.
要在坐标平面内构造一个直角三角形,使它的两条直角边分别平行于 轴和 轴,并使连接直角顶点与两条直角边中点的中线分别位于直线 和 上。能使这样的三角形存在的不同常数 的个数是
It is desired to construct a right triangle in the coordinate plane so that its legs are parallel to the and axes and so that the medians to the midpoints of the legs lie on the lines and The number of different constants for which such a triangle exists is
多于
more than
答案:C
小提示:
将直角边平行于坐标轴的直角三角形放在便于计算的位置,并求出通向两条直角边中点的两条中线的斜率
Place an axis-aligned right triangle at convenient coordinates and compute the slopes of the two medians to its legs
大提示:
两条中线斜率的比值为 ;注意给定的任一条直线都可能是斜率绝对值较大的那一条
The two slopes differ by a factor of remember that either given line could be the steeper one
解答:
将直角顶点置于 ,另两个顶点分别置于 和 。通向两条直角边中点的中线斜率分别为 和 ,二者之比为 。因此,若一条中线的斜率为 ,另一条的斜率可以为 或 。两种情况都能实现:先选取具有所需两条斜率的三角形,再将它的重心平移到两条给定直线的交点即可。因此 有两个可能值。
因此正确答案是 C。
Place the right-angle vertex at and the other vertices at and The medians to the legs have slopes and whose ratio is Therefore, if one median has slope the other can have slope or Both occur: choose a triangle with the required pair of slopes and translate its centroid to the intersection of the two specified lines. Thus there are two possible values of
Therefore the correct answer is C.
27.
在右图中, 是圆的直径, 是一条平行于 的弦,且 与 相交于 ,其中 。三角形 与三角形 的面积之比为
In the adjoining figure, is a diameter of the circle, is a chord parallel to and intersects at with The ratio of the area of to that of is
答案:C
小提示:
用在 点相交的两条边表示各三角形的面积
Express each triangle’s area using the two sides meeting at
大提示:
使用相交弦定理,然后连接 ,并利用直径 所形成的直角三角形
Use the intersecting-chords theorem, then draw and use the right triangle created by diameter
解答:
两个三角形在 点所用的角相同,所以 由相交弦定理,,所以这个比值化为 。连接 。由于 是直径,,且 三点共线。因此三角形 在 点为直角,并且 。所求比值为 。
因此正确答案是 C。
The triangles use the same angle at so Intersecting chords give so this ratio becomes Draw Since is a diameter, and are collinear. Thus triangle is right at and The required ratio is
Thus the correct answer is C.
28.
是正五边形。、 和 分别是从 点向 、 的延长线和 的延长线所作的垂线。设 为该五边形的中心。若 ,则 等于
is a regular pentagon. and are the perpendiculars dropped from onto extended and extended, respectively. Let be the center of the pentagon. If then equals
答案:C
小提示:
设边长为 ,利用以中心为顶点的五个三角形计算五边形的面积
Let be the side length and compute the pentagon’s area from its five central triangles
大提示:
也可将五边形分成三角形 、 和 ,其高分别为
Also split the pentagon into triangles and with altitudes
解答:
设边长为 。由于边心距 ,由以中心为顶点的五个三角形可得五边形的面积为 。同一个五边形也是三角形 、 和 的并,这三个三角形以五边形边长为底时的高分别为 。因此 所以 。此外,。因此 。
因此正确答案是 C。
Let the side length be Since the apothem the five central triangles give pentagon area The same pentagon is the union of triangles and whose respective altitudes to side-length bases are Hence so Also Therefore
Thus the correct answer is C.
29.
不等边三角形 的两条高分别长 和 。若第三条高的长度也是整数,它最大可能是多少?
Two of the altitudes of the scalene triangle have length and If the length of the third altitude is also an integer, what is the biggest it can be?
以上均非
none of these
答案:B
小提示:
当三角形面积固定时,每条边的长度与其对应的高成反比
For a fixed triangle area, each side is inversely proportional to its corresponding altitude
大提示:
对与 成比例的三条边应用三角形不等式
Apply the triangle inequalities to side lengths proportional to
解答:
设第三条高为 。由于每条边的长度为公共面积的两倍除以对应的高,三条边的长度成比例于 两个非平凡的三角形不等式给出 因此 。其中最大的整数为 ,而三条高互不相同,符合不等边三角形的要求。
因此正确答案是 B。
Let the third altitude be Since each side equals twice the common area divided by its altitude, the side lengths are proportional to The two nontrivial triangle inequalities give Thus The largest integral possibility is and its three altitudes are distinct as required for a scalene triangle.
Therefore the correct answer is B.
30.
联立方程组 的实数解 的个数是
The number of real solutions of the simultaneous equations is
答案:B
小提示:
这些方程迫使四个变量同号
The equations force all four variables to have the same sign
大提示:
对正数 ,研究 与 以及 的大小关系
For positive study relative to and to
解答:
每个表达式 都与 同号,所以四个变量必定同号。先假设它们全为正数。由算术平均值与几何平均值不等式,每个变量都至少为 。当 时, 如果任一变量大于 ,这些方程就会导出不可能成立的严格循环不等式 。所以唯一的正数解是 将四个变量同时取相反数后方程组不变,因此恰好还有一个负数解,其中所有变量都等于 。所以共有两个实数解。
因此正确答案是 B。
Each expression has the same sign as so all four variables have the same sign. Suppose first that they are positive. By AM-GM, every variable is at least For If any variable exceeded the equations would give the impossible strict cycle Hence the only positive solution is Negating all four variables preserves the system, giving exactly one negative solution, with all variables equal to Thus there are two real solutions.
Therefore the correct answer is B.