1986 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

[x(yx)][(xy)x]=[x-(y-x)]-[(x-y)-x]=

2y2y

2x2x

2y-2y

2x-2x

00

知识点:simplifying expressions分配律
难度评级:840
小提示:

先去掉最内层的括号,再减去第二个方括号中的式子

Remove the innermost parentheses before subtracting the second bracket

大提示:

仔细处理每个方括号前的负号

Track the minus sign in front of each bracket carefully

解答:

展开两个方括号中的式子,得到 [x(yx)][(xy)x]=(2xy)(y)=2x \begin{aligned} &[x-(y-x)]-[(x-y)-x]\\ &\qquad=(2x-y)-(-y)=2x\text{。} \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 B

Expanding the two bracketed expressions gives [x(yx)][(xy)x]=(2xy)(y)=2x. \begin{aligned} &[x-(y-x)]-[(x-y)-x]\\ &\qquad=(2x-y)-(-y)=2x. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is B.

2.

xyxy 平面上的直线 LL 的斜率是直线 y=23x+4y=\frac23x+4 斜率的一半,且 yy 轴截距是该直线截距的两倍,则 LL 的一个方程是

If the line LL in the xyxy-plane has half the slope and twice the yy-intercept of the line y=23x+4,y=\frac23x+4, then an equation for LL is

y=13x+8y=\frac13x+8

y=43x+2y=\frac43x+2

y=13x+4y=\frac13x+4

y=43x+4y=\frac43x+4

y=13x+2y=\frac13x+2

难度评级:890
小提示:

y=mx+by=mx+b 中读出斜率和截距

Read the slope and intercept from y=mx+by=mx+b

大提示:

分别对系数和常数项作题目要求的变换

Apply the two requested changes to the coefficient and constant separately

解答:

原直线的斜率为 23\frac{2}{3}yy 轴截距为 44。因此,LL 的斜率为 13\frac{1}{3}yy 轴截距为 88,所以它的方程是 y=13x+8y=\frac13x+8

所以正确答案是 A

The original line has slope 23\frac{2}{3} and yy-intercept 4.4. Therefore LL has slope 13\frac{1}{3} and yy-intercept 8,8, so its equation is y=13x+8.y=\frac13x+8.

Thus the correct answer is A.

3.

如图,ABC\triangle ABCCC 处为直角,且 A=20\angle A=20^\circ。若 BDBDABC\angle ABC 的平分线,则 BDC=\angle BDC=

In the figure, ABC\triangle ABC has a right angle at CC and A=20.\angle A=20^\circ. If BDBD is the bisector of ABC,\angle ABC, then BDC=\angle BDC=

4040^\circ

4545^\circ

5050^\circ

5555^\circ

6060^\circ

难度评级:1230
小提示:

先求出 ABC\angle ABC,可利用 ABC\triangle ABC 的内角和

First find ABC\angle ABC from the angle sum of ABC\triangle ABC

大提示:

利用角平分线,再利用直角三角形 BDCBDC 的内角和

Use the bisector and then the angle sum of right triangle BDCBDC

解答:

由于 C=90\angle C=90^\circ,且 A=20\angle A=20^\circ,所以 ABC=70\angle ABC=70^\circ。角平分线给出 DBC=35\angle DBC=35^\circ。因此,在直角三角形 BDCBDC 中, BDC=9035=55 \angle BDC=90^\circ-35^\circ=55^\circ\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Since C=90\angle C=90^\circ and A=20,\angle A=20^\circ, we have ABC=70.\angle ABC=70^\circ. The bisector gives DBC=35.\angle DBC=35^\circ. Therefore, in right triangle BDC,BDC, BDC=9035=55. \angle BDC=90^\circ-35^\circ=55^\circ.

Thus the correct answer is D.

4.

SS 为下列命题:

“若整数 nn 的各位数字之和能被 66 整除,则 nn 能被 66 整除。”

下列哪个 nn 值说明 SS 为假?

Let SS be the statement

“If the sum of the digits of the whole number nn is divisible by 6,6, then nn is divisible by 6.6.

A value of nn which shows SS to be false is

3030

3333

4040

4242

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:870
小提示:

反例必须满足命题的条件,但不满足结论

A counterexample must satisfy the hypothesis but not the conclusion

大提示:

能被 66 整除,必须同时能被 2233 整除

Divisibility by 66 requires both divisibility by 22 and by 33

解答:

数字 3333 的各位数字之和为 66,能被 66 整除。但是 3333 是奇数,所以不能被 66 整除。因此,3333 使该命题为假。

所以正确答案是 B

The digit sum of 3333 is 6,6, which is divisible by 6.6. However, 3333 is odd, so it is not divisible by 6.6. Thus 3333 makes the implication false.

Therefore the correct answer is B.

5.

化简 (276634)2\left(\sqrt[6]{27}-\sqrt{6\frac34}\right)^2

Simplify (276634)2.\left(\sqrt[6]{27}-\sqrt{6\frac34}\right)^2.

34\frac34

32\frac{\sqrt3}{2}

334\frac{3\sqrt3}{4}

32\frac32

332\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}

难度评级:1420
小提示:

2727 写成 33 的幂,并将 6346\frac34 化为假分数

Rewrite 2727 as a power of 33 and 6346\frac34 as an improper fraction

大提示:

先化简两个根式,再将它们的差平方

Simplify both radicals before squaring their difference

解答:

276=(33)16=3\sqrt[6]{27}=(3^3)^{\frac{1}{6}}=\sqrt3,且 634=274=332 \sqrt{6\frac34}=\sqrt{\frac{27}{4}}=\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}\text{。} 因此,原式为 (3332)2=(32)2=34 \begin{aligned} \left(\sqrt3-\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}\right)^2 &=\left(-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\right)^2\\ &=\frac34\text{。} \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 A

We have 276=(33)16=3\sqrt[6]{27}=(3^3)^{\frac{1}{6}}=\sqrt3 and 634=274=332. \sqrt{6\frac34}=\sqrt{\frac{27}{4}}=\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}. Hence the expression is (3332)2=(32)2=34. \begin{aligned} \left(\sqrt3-\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}\right)^2 &=\left(-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\right)^2\\ &=\frac34. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is A.

6.

在一张高度固定的桌子上,按图 11 所示放置两块完全相同的木块,测得长度 rr3232 英寸。将木块重新摆成图 22 所示的位置后,测得长度 ss2828 英寸。桌子有多高?

Using a table of a certain height, two identical blocks of wood are placed as shown in Figure 1.1. Length rr is found to be 3232 inches. After rearranging the blocks as in Figure 2,2, length ss is found to be 2828 inches. How high is the table?

2828 英寸

2828 inches

2929 英寸

2929 inches

3030 英寸

3030 inches

3131 英寸

3131 inches

3232 英寸

3232 inches

难度评级:1260
小提示:

设桌高为 hh,木块的两个尺寸为 \ellww

Let hh be the table height and let the block dimensions be \ell and ww

大提示:

分别为两幅图写出竖直距离方程,然后相加

Write one vertical-distance equation for each figure and add them

解答:

设桌高为 hh,木块的长、短边尺寸分别为 ,w\ell,w。图 11 给出 h+w=32h+\ell-w=32,图 22 给出 h+w=28h+w-\ell=28。两式相加后,木块的尺寸相消: 2h=60 2h=60\text{,} 所以 h=30h=30 英寸。

所以正确答案是 C

Let hh be the table height and let ,w\ell,w be the long and short block dimensions. Figure 11 gives h+w=32,h+\ell-w=32, while Figure 22 gives h+w=28.h+w-\ell=28. Adding cancels the block dimensions: 2h=60, 2h=60, so h=30h=30 inches.

Thus the correct answer is C.

7.

不大于 xx 的最大整数与不小于 xx 的最小整数之和为 55xx 的解集是

The sum of the greatest integer less than or equal to xx and the least integer greater than or equal to xx is 5.5. The solution set for xx is

52\frac52

{x2x3}\{x\mid 2\le x\le3\}

{x2x<3}\{x\mid 2\le x\lt3\}

{x2<x3}\{x\mid 2\lt x\le3\}

{x2<x<3}\{x\mid 2\lt x\lt3\}

难度评级:1280
小提示:

分别讨论 xx 为整数和非整数的情形

Treat integer and noninteger values of xx separately

大提示:

xx 不是整数时,向上取整值比向下取整值大一

For noninteger x,x, the ceiling is one more than the floor

解答:

xx 是整数,则 x+x=2x\lfloor x\rfloor+\lceil x\rceil=2x,不可能等于 55。若 xx 不是整数,则 x+x=2x+1 \lfloor x\rfloor+\lceil x\rceil=2\lfloor x\rfloor+1\text{。} 它等于 55 的充要条件是 x=2\lfloor x\rfloor=2,所以 2<x<32\lt x\lt3

所以正确答案是 E

If xx is an integer, then x+x=2x,\lfloor x\rfloor+\lceil x\rceil=2x, which cannot equal 5.5. If xx is not an integer, then x+x=2x+1. \lfloor x\rfloor+\lceil x\rceil=2\lfloor x\rfloor+1. This equals 55 exactly when x=2,\lfloor x\rfloor=2, so 2<x<3.2\lt x\lt3.

Thus the correct answer is E.

8.

美国在 19801980 年的人口为 226,504,825226{,}504{,}825。国土面积为 3,615,1223{,}615{,}122 平方英里。每平方英里有 (5280)2(5280)^2 平方英尺。下列哪个数最接近人均占有的平方英尺数?

The population of the United States in 19801980 was 226,504,825.226{,}504{,}825. The area of the country is 3,615,1223{,}615{,}122 square miles. There are (5280)2(5280)^2 square feet in one square mile. Which number below best approximates the average number of square feet per person?

5,0005{,}000

10,00010{,}000

50,00050{,}000

100,000100{,}000

500,000500{,}000

难度评级:1130
小提示:

用总平方英尺数除以人口

Divide total square feet by population

大提示:

相乘前,将已知数四舍五入到两位有效数字

Round the given values to two significant digits before multiplying

解答:

平均值约为 (3.615×106)(5280)22.265×1084.45×105 \begin{aligned} &\frac{(3.615\times10^6)(5280)^2} {2.265\times10^8}\\ &\qquad\approx 4.45\times10^5 \end{aligned} 平方英尺/人。在各选项中,它最接近 500,000500{,}000

所以正确答案是 E

The average is approximately (3.615×106)(5280)22.265×1084.45×105 \begin{aligned} &\frac{(3.615\times10^6)(5280)^2} {2.265\times10^8}\\ &\qquad\approx 4.45\times10^5 \end{aligned} square feet per person. Of the choices, this is closest to 500,000.500{,}000.

Thus the correct answer is E.

9.

乘积 (1122)(1132)(1192)(11102) \begin{aligned} &\left(1-\frac1{2^2}\right) \left(1-\frac1{3^2}\right)\\ &\quad{}\cdots \left(1-\frac1{9^2}\right) \left(1-\frac1{10^2}\right) \end{aligned} 等于

The product (1122)(1132)(1192)(11102) \begin{aligned} &\left(1-\frac1{2^2}\right) \left(1-\frac1{3^2}\right)\\ &\quad{}\cdots \left(1-\frac1{9^2}\right) \left(1-\frac1{10^2}\right) \end{aligned} equals

512\frac5{12}

12\frac12

1120\frac{11}{20}

23\frac23

710\frac7{10}

难度评级:1470
小提示:

11n21-\frac{1}{n^2} 按平方差分解

Factor 11n21-\frac{1}{n^2} as a difference of squares

大提示:

把乘积分成 n1n\frac{n-1}{n}n+1n\frac{n+1}{n} 两类因子

Separate the product into factors n1n\frac{n-1}{n} and n+1n\frac{n+1}{n}

解答:

对每个 nn11n2=n1nn+1n 1-\frac1{n^2}=\frac{n-1}{n}\cdot\frac{n+1}{n}\text{。} 因此乘积发生连锁消去: n=210(11n2)=(12)(1110)=1120 \begin{aligned} \prod_{n=2}^{10}\left(1-\frac1{n^2}\right) &=\left(\frac12\right) \left(\frac{11}{10}\right)\\ &=\frac{11}{20}\text{。} \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 C

For each n,n, 11n2=n1nn+1n. 1-\frac1{n^2}=\frac{n-1}{n}\cdot\frac{n+1}{n}. Therefore the product telescopes: n=210(11n2)=(12)(1110)=1120. \begin{aligned} \prod_{n=2}^{10}\left(1-\frac1{n^2}\right) &=\left(\frac12\right) \left(\frac{11}{10}\right)\\ &=\frac{11}{20}. \end{aligned}

Thus the correct answer is C.

10.

将 AHSME 的 120120 个字母排列按字典顺序排列,把每个排列看成一个普通的五字母单词。这个表中第 8686 个单词的最后一个字母是

The 120120 permutations of AHSME are arranged in dictionary order, as if each were an ordinary five-letter word. The last letter of the 8686th word in this list is

AA

HH

SS

MM

EE

难度评级:1590
小提示:

按照首字母,将这些单词分为每组 4!4! 个的若干组

Group the words into blocks of 4!4! according to their first letter

大提示:

在以 MM 开头的一组中,再按第二个字母分组,只列出所需的那个小组

Within the MM-block, group by the second letter and then list only the needed small block

解答:

每个首字母对应一组 4!=244!=24 个单词。第 7373 至第 9696 个单词以 MM 开头,所以第 8686 个单词是这一组中的第 1414 个。前 66 个以 MAMA 开头,接下来 66 个以 MEME 开头,第 1313 至第 1818 个以 MHMH 开头。其中前两个是 MHAESMHAESMHASEMHASE。因此,第 8686 个单词以 E 结尾。

所以正确答案是 E

Each first letter occupies a block of 4!=244!=24 words. Positions 7373 through 9696 begin with M,M, so the 8686th word is the 1414th word in that block. The first 66 begin with MA,MA, the next 66 with ME,ME, and the 1313th through 1818th begin with MH.MH. The first two of those are MHAESMHAES and MHASE.MHASE. Thus the 8686th word ends in E.

Therefore the correct answer is E.

11.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=13AB=13BC=14BC=14CA=15CA=15。此外,MM 是边 ABAB 的中点,HH 是从 AABCBC 所作高的垂足。HMHM 的长度为

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=13,AB=13, BC=14BC=14 and CA=15.CA=15. Also, MM is the midpoint of side ABAB and HH is the foot of the altitude from AA to BC.BC. The length of HMHM is

66

6.56.5

77

7.57.5

88

难度评级:1440
小提示:

重点考察直角三角形 AHBAHB

Focus on right triangle AHBAHB

大提示:

回想直角三角形斜边中点到三个顶点的距离

Recall the distance from the midpoint of a right triangle’s hypotenuse to each vertex

解答:

三角形 AHBAHBHH 处为直角,且 MM 是其斜边 ABAB 的中点。直角三角形的斜边中点到三个顶点的距离相等,所以 HM=AB2=132=6.5 HM=\frac{AB}{2}=\frac{13}{2}=6.5\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Triangle AHBAHB is right at H,H, and MM is the midpoint of its hypotenuse AB.AB. The midpoint of a right triangle’s hypotenuse is equidistant from all three vertices, so HM=AB2=132=6.5. HM=\frac{AB}{2}=\frac{13}{2}=6.5.

Thus the correct answer is B.

12.

John 在本年度的 AHSME 中得了 9393 分。如果仍采用旧计分制,他用同样的作答只能得到 8484 分。他有多少道题没有作答?(在该年度的新计分制中,每答对一题得 55 分,答错得 00 分,未作答得 22 分。在此前的计分制中,初始分为 3030 分,每答对一题加 44 分,每答错一题扣 11 分,未作答不加分也不扣分。19861986 年的 AHSME 共有 3030 道题。)

John scores 9393 on this year’s AHSME. Had the old scoring system still been in effect, he would score only 8484 for the same answers. How many questions does he leave unanswered? (In the new scoring system that year, one received 55 points for each correct answer, 00 points for each wrong answer, and 22 points for each problem left unanswered. In the previous scoring system, one started with 3030 points, received 44 more for each correct answer, lost 11 point for each wrong answer, and neither gained nor lost points for unanswered questions. There are 3030 questions in the 19861986 AHSME.)

66

99

1111

1414

不能唯一确定

not uniquely determined

难度评级:1560
小提示:

设答对、答错和未作答的题数分别为 c,w,uc,w,u

Let c,w,uc,w,u be the numbers correct, wrong and unanswered

大提示:

先利用 c+w+u=30c+w+u=30 改写旧计分制下的分数,再与新计分制下的分数比较

Use c+w+u=30c+w+u=30 to rewrite the old score before comparing it with the new score

解答:

设答对、答错和未作答的题数分别为 c,w,uc,w,u。旧计分制下的分数和总题数给出 30+4cw=84,c+w+u=30 \begin{aligned} 30+4c-w&=84,\\ c+w+u&=30\text{。} \end{aligned} 消去 ww,得到 5c+u=845c+u=84。新计分制下的分数为 5c+2u=935c+2u=93。两式相减,得到 u=9u=9

所以正确答案是 B

Let c,w,uc,w,u be the numbers correct, wrong and unanswered. The old score and total number of questions give 30+4cw=84,c+w+u=30. \begin{aligned} 30+4c-w&=84,\\ c+w+u&=30. \end{aligned} Eliminating ww yields 5c+u=84.5c+u=84. The new score is 5c+2u=93.5c+2u=93. Subtracting these equations gives u=9.u=9.

Thus the correct answer is B.

13.

抛物线 y=ax2+bx+cy=ax^2+bx+c 的顶点为 (4,2)(4,2)。若 (2,0)(2,0) 在此抛物线上,则 abcabc 等于

A parabola y=ax2+bx+cy=ax^2+bx+c has vertex (4,2).(4,2). If (2,0)(2,0) is on the parabola, then abcabc equals

12-12

6-6

00

66

1212

难度评级:1300
小提示:

将抛物线写成顶点式 y=a(x4)2+2y=a(x-4)^2+2

Write the parabola in vertex form y=a(x4)2+2y=a(x-4)^2+2

大提示:

用给定点求出 aa,再展开式子读出 bbcc

Use the given point to find a,a, then expand to read bb and cc

解答:

将方程写成 y=a(x4)2+2y=a(x-4)^2+2。代入 (2,0)(2,0),得到 0=4a+20=4a+2,所以 a=12a=-\frac{1}{2}。展开得 y=12x2+4x6 y=-\frac12x^2+4x-6\text{。} 因此 b=4b=4c=6c=-6,且 abc=(12)(4)(6)=12abc=(-\frac{1}{2})(4)(-6)=12

所以正确答案是 E

Write the equation as y=a(x4)2+2.y=a(x-4)^2+2. Substituting (2,0)(2,0) gives 0=4a+2,0=4a+2, so a=12.a=-\frac{1}{2}. Expanding, y=12x2+4x6. y=-\frac12x^2+4x-6. Thus b=4,b=4, c=6,c=-6, and abc=(12)(4)(6)=12.abc=(-\frac{1}{2})(4)(-6)=12.

Therefore the correct answer is E.

14.

假设“跃步”“跨步”和“跳步”是特定的长度单位。若 bb 个跃步等于 cc 个跨步,dd 个跳步等于 ee 个跃步,且 ff 个跳步等于 gg 米,那么一米等于多少个跨步?

Suppose hops, skips and jumps are specific units of length. If bb hops equals cc skips, dd jumps equals ee hops, and ff jumps equals gg meters, then one meter equals how many skips?

bdgcef\frac{bdg}{cef}

cdfbeg\frac{cdf}{beg}

cdgbef\frac{cdg}{bef}

cefbdg\frac{cef}{bdg}

cegbdf\frac{ceg}{bdf}

难度评级:1360
小提示:

将每个等式化为一个单位的换算关系

Turn each equality into a conversion factor for one unit

大提示:

依次将米换算为跳步、将跳步换算为跃步、再将跃步换算为跨步

Convert meters to jumps, jumps to hops, and hops to skips in that order

解答:

由三个关系可得 1 米=fg 个跳步,1 个跳步=ed 个跃步,1 个跃步=cb 个跨步。 \begin{aligned} 1\text{ 米}&=\frac fg\text{ 个跳步},\\ 1\text{ 个跳步}&=\frac ed\text{ 个跃步},\\ 1\text{ 个跃步}&=\frac cb\text{ 个跨步}\text{。} \end{aligned} 将换算因子相乘,得到 fgedcb=cefbdg\frac fg\cdot\frac ed\cdot\frac cb=\frac{cef}{bdg} 个跨步。

所以正确答案是 D

From the three relations, 1 meter=fg jumps,1 jump=ed hops,1 hop=cb skips. \begin{aligned} 1\text{ meter}&=\frac fg\text{ jumps},\\ 1\text{ jump}&=\frac ed\text{ hops},\\ 1\text{ hop}&=\frac cb\text{ skips}. \end{aligned} Multiplying the conversion factors gives fgedcb=cefbdg\frac fg\cdot\frac ed\cdot\frac cb=\frac{cef}{bdg} skips.

Thus the correct answer is D.

15.

一名学生试图计算平均数 AA,即 xxyyzz 的平均数。他先求 xxyy 的平均数,再求所得结果与 zz 的平均数。只要 x<y<zx\lt y\lt z,该学生最后得到的结果就

A student attempted to compute the average, A,A, of x,x, yy and zz by computing the average of xx and y,y, and then computing the average of the result and z.z. Whenever x<y<z,x\lt y\lt z, the student’s final result is

正确

correct

总是小于 AA

always less than AA

总是大于 AA

always greater than AA

有时小于 AA,有时等于 AA

sometimes less than AA and sometimes equal to AA

有时大于 AA,有时等于 AA

sometimes greater than AA and sometimes equal to AA

难度评级:1420
小提示:

分别写出正确的平均数和该学生所得结果的代数式

Write both the true average and the student’s result as algebraic expressions

大提示:

用该学生的结果减去正确的平均数,并利用 x<y<zx\lt y\lt z 判断差的正负

Subtract the true average and use the order x<y<zx\lt y\lt z to determine the sign

解答:

该学生得到的结果为 x+y+2z4\frac{x+y+2z}{4},正确的平均数为 x+y+z3\frac{x+y+z}{3}。两者之差为 x+y+2z4x+y+z3=2zxy12 \begin{aligned} &\frac{x+y+2z}{4}-\frac{x+y+z}{3}\\ &\qquad=\frac{2z-x-y}{12}\text{。} \end{aligned} 由于 z>xz\gt x,且 z>yz\gt y,分子为正。因此,该学生的结果总是大于 AA

所以正确答案是 C

The student’s result is x+y+2z4,\frac{x+y+2z}{4}, while the true average is x+y+z3.\frac{x+y+z}{3}. Their difference is x+y+2z4x+y+z3=2zxy12. \begin{aligned} &\frac{x+y+2z}{4}-\frac{x+y+z}{3}\\ &\qquad=\frac{2z-x-y}{12}. \end{aligned} Since z>xz\gt x and z>y,z\gt y, the numerator is positive. The student’s result is therefore always greater than A.A.

Thus the correct answer is C.

16.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=8AB=8BC=7BC=7CA=6CA=6。如图,将边 BCBC 延长到点 PP,使得 PAB\triangle PABPCA\triangle PCA 相似。PCPC 的长度为

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=8,AB=8, BC=7,BC=7, CA=6CA=6 and side BCBC is extended, as shown in the figure, to a point PP so that PAB\triangle PAB is similar to PCA.\triangle PCA. The length of PCPC is

77

88

99

1010

1111

难度评级:1610
小提示:

按照 PABPCA\triangle PAB\sim\triangle PCA 中顶点的顺序配对对应边

Use the vertex order in PABPCA\triangle PAB\sim\triangle PCA to match corresponding sides

大提示:

PC=tPC=t,同时利用 PB=PC+7PB=PC+7 和连续的相似比

Set PC=tPC=t and use both PB=PC+7PB=PC+7 and the repeated similarity ratio

解答:

题目给出的相似顺序说明 PAPC=PBPA=ABCA=43 \frac{PA}{PC}=\frac{PB}{PA}=\frac{AB}{CA}=\frac43\text{。} PC=tPC=t。则 PA=4t3PA=\frac{4t}{3},且 PB=16t9PB=\frac{16t}{9}。由于 PB=PC+CB=t+7PB=PC+CB=t+716t9=t+7 \frac{16t}{9}=t+7\text{,} 解得 t=9t=9

所以正确答案是 C

The stated order of similarity gives PAPC=PBPA=ABCA=43. \frac{PA}{PC}=\frac{PB}{PA}=\frac{AB}{CA}=\frac43. Let PC=t.PC=t. Then PA=4t3PA=\frac{4t}{3} and PB=16t9.PB=\frac{16t}{9}. Since PB=PC+CB=t+7,PB=PC+CB=t+7, 16t9=t+7, \frac{16t}{9}=t+7, which gives t=9.t=9.

Thus the correct answer is C.

17.

一间暗室里的抽屉中有 100100 只红袜、8080 只绿袜、6060 只蓝袜和 4040 只黑袜。一个孩子从抽屉中逐只取出袜子,但看不到取出的袜子是什么颜色。至少必须取出多少只袜子,才能保证其中至少有 1010 双?(一双袜子是两只颜色相同的袜子。每只袜子至多计入一双。)

A drawer in a darkened room contains 100100 red socks, 8080 green socks, 6060 blue socks and 4040 black socks. A youngster selects socks one at a time from the drawer but is unable to see the color of the socks drawn. What is the smallest number of socks that must be selected to guarantee that the selection contains at least 1010 pairs? (A pair of socks is two socks of the same color. No sock may be counted in more than one pair.)

2121

2323

2424

3030

5050

难度评级:1850
小提示:

对每种颜色,所取袜子中至多有一只无法配对

For each color, at most one selected sock can remain unpaired

大提示:

利用袜子总数的奇偶性改进“四只未配对”的界,再构造一个只差一点的反例

Use the parity of the total to sharpen the four-unpaired bound, then construct a near-miss

解答:

取出 2323 只袜子时,数量为奇数的颜色种数也必须为奇数,所以至多为 33。因此,至多有 33 只袜子未配对,余下至少 2020 只袜子可组成 1010 双。但是,取出 2222 只还不够:若四种颜色的数量分别为 7,5,5,57,5,5,5,则只能组成 3+2+2+2=93+2+2+2=9 双。因此,最小数量为 2323

所以正确答案是 B

With 2323 selected socks, the number of colors having an odd count must itself be odd, so it is at most 3.3. Thus at most 33 socks are unpaired, leaving at least 2020 socks in 1010 pairs. But 2222 socks do not suffice: color counts 7,5,5,57,5,5,5 produce only 3+2+2+2=93+2+2+2=9 pairs. Therefore the minimum is 23.23.

Thus the correct answer is B.

18.

一个平面与半径为 11 的直圆柱相交,截面为椭圆。若椭圆的长轴比短轴长 50%50\%,则长轴的长度为

A plane intersects a right circular cylinder of radius 11 forming an ellipse. If the major axis of the ellipse is 50%50\% longer than the minor axis, the length of the major axis is

11

32\frac32

22

94\frac94

33

难度评级:1830
小提示:

这种椭圆截面的短轴是圆柱的一条直径

The minor axis of such an elliptical section is a diameter of the cylinder

大提示:

将该直径增加 50%50\%,即可得到长轴

Increase that diameter by 50%50\% to obtain the major axis

解答:

直圆柱的椭圆平面截面的短轴是一条圆柱直径,因此其长度为 22。长轴比它长 50%50\%,所以长轴的长度为 2+0.50(2)=3 2+0.50(2)=3\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

The minor axis of an elliptical plane section of a right circular cylinder is a diameter of the cylinder. Its length is therefore 2.2. The major axis is 50%50\% longer, so its length is 2+0.50(2)=3. 2+0.50(2)=3.

Thus the correct answer is E.

19.

一个公园呈正六边形,每边长 22 千米。Alice 从一个顶点出发,沿公园周界走了 55 千米。此时她与起点相距多少千米?

A park is in the shape of a regular hexagon 22 km on a side. Starting at a corner, Alice walks along the perimeter of the park for a distance of 55 km. How many kilometers is she from her starting point?

13\sqrt{13}

14\sqrt{14}

15\sqrt{15}

16\sqrt{16}

17\sqrt{17}

难度评级:1620
小提示:

这段路程由两条完整的边和下一条边的一半组成

The walk consists of two complete sides and half of the next side

大提示:

将三个有向线段分解为水平分量和竖直分量

Resolve the three directed segments into horizontal and vertical components

解答:

令第一条边沿水平方向。三段有向路程对应的向量为 (2,0),(1,3),(12,32) \begin{gathered} (2,0),\qquad (1,\sqrt3),\\ \left(-\frac12,\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\right)\text{。} \end{gathered} 它们的和为 (52,332)(\frac{5}{2},\frac{3\sqrt3}{2})。其长度的平方为 (52)2+(332)2=13 \left(\frac52\right)^2+\left(\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}\right)^2=13\text{。} 因此距离为 13\sqrt{13} 千米。

所以正确答案是 A

Choose the first side in the horizontal direction. The three directed portions of the walk have vectors (2,0),(1,3),(12,32). \begin{gathered} (2,0),\qquad (1,\sqrt3),\\ \left(-\frac12,\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\right). \end{gathered} Their sum is (52,332).(\frac{5}{2},\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}). Its squared length is (52)2+(332)2=13. \left(\frac52\right)^2+\left(\frac{3\sqrt3}{2}\right)^2=13. The distance is therefore 13\sqrt{13} km.

Thus the correct answer is A.

20.

xxyy 成反比且均为正数。若 xx 增加 p%p\%,则 yy 减少

Suppose xx and yy are inversely proportional and positive. If xx increases by p%,p\%, then yy decreases by

p%p\%

p1+p%\frac{p}{1+p}\%

100p%\frac{100}{p}\%

p100+p%\frac{p}{100+p}\%

100p100+p%\frac{100p}{100+p}\%

难度评级:1530
小提示:

增加 p%p\% 会使 xx 乘以 100+p100\frac{100+p}{100}

An increase by p%p\% multiplies xx by 100+p100\frac{100+p}{100}

大提示:

反比例关系会使 yy 除以该因子;将新值与原值比较

Inverse proportionality divides yy by that factor; compare the new value with the old one

解答:

xx 的新值为 x(100+p)100\frac{x(100+p)}{100}。因此,yy 的新值为 y100100+p y\cdot\frac{100}{100+p}\text{。} 减少的比例为 1100100+p=p100+p1-\frac{100}{100+p}=\frac{p}{100+p}。化成百分数,就是 100p100+p%\frac{100p}{100+p}\%

所以正确答案是 E

The new value of xx is x(100+p)100.\frac{x(100+p)}{100}. Hence the new value of yy is y100100+p. y\cdot\frac{100}{100+p}. The fractional decrease is 1100100+p=p100+p.1-\frac{100}{100+p}=\frac{p}{100+p}. Expressed as a percentage, this is 100p100+p%.\frac{100p}{100+p}\%.

Thus the correct answer is E.

21.

在下图中,θ\theta 以弧度为单位,CC 是圆心,BCDBCDACEACE 都是线段,且 ABABAA 点与圆相切。

0<θ<π20\lt\theta\lt\frac{\pi}{2} 的条件下,两个阴影部分面积相等的充要条件是

In the configuration below, θ\theta is measured in radians, CC is the center of the circle, BCDBCD and ACEACE are line segments, and ABAB is tangent to the circle at A.A.

A necessary and sufficient condition for the equality of the two shaded areas, given 0<θ<π2,0\lt\theta\lt\frac{\pi}{2}, is

tanθ=θ\tan\theta=\theta

tanθ=2θ\tan\theta=2\theta

tanθ=4θ\tan\theta=4\theta

tan2θ=θ\tan2\theta=\theta

tanθ2=θ\tan\frac{\theta}{2}=\theta

难度评级:2110
小提示:

令圆的半径为 r=ACr=AC,比较扇形与三角形 ABCABC 的面积

Let the circle’s radius be r=ACr=AC and compare a sector with triangle ABCABC

大提示:

两个阴影部分面积相等,意味着整个三角形的面积是该扇形面积的两倍

Equality of the two shaded pieces means the whole triangle has twice the sector’s area

解答:

令圆的半径为 r=ACr=AC,其上方阴影扇形的面积为 θr22\frac{\theta r^2}{2}。另一个阴影部分是从三角形 ABCABC 中去掉一个面积相同的扇形。因此,两个阴影部分面积相等的条件可写为: 2(θr22)=12rAB 2\left(\frac{\theta r^2}{2}\right) =\frac12r\cdot AB 该式等价于 ABr=2θ\frac{AB}{r}=2\theta。又因为 ABABAA 点与圆相切,三角形 ABCABCAA 点为直角,并且 ABr=tanθ\frac{AB}{r}=\tan\theta,所以所需条件为 tanθ=2θ\tan\theta=2\theta

因此正确答案是 B

Let r=AC.r=AC. The upper shaded sector has area θr22.\frac{\theta r^2}{2}. The lower shaded region is triangle ABCABC with an equal sector removed. Thus the two shaded regions are equal exactly when 2(θr22)=12rAB. 2\left(\frac{\theta r^2}{2}\right) =\frac12r\cdot AB. This is equivalent to ABr=2θ.\frac{AB}{r}=2\theta. Since ABAB is tangent at A,A, triangle ABCABC is right at A,A, and ABr=tanθ.\frac{AB}{r}=\tan\theta. Therefore the condition is tanθ=2θ.\tan\theta=2\theta.

Thus the correct answer is B.

22.

{1,2,3,,10}\{1,2,3,\ldots,10\} 中随机选取六个互不相同的整数。在所选整数中,第二小的数是 33 的概率是多少?

Six distinct integers are picked at random from {1,2,3,,10}.\{1,2,3,\ldots,10\}. What is the probability that, among those selected, the second smallest is 3?3?

160\frac1{60}

16\frac16

13\frac13

12\frac12

以上均非

none of these

难度评级:1740
小提示:

先数出这十个整数的所有六元子集

Count all six-element subsets of the ten integers

大提示:

若第二小的数是 33,应从小于 33 的数中选一个,从大于 33 的数中选四个

For second-smallest 3,3, choose one element below 33 and four above 33

解答:

共有 (106)=210\binom{10}{6}=210 个可能的集合。若第二小的元素是 33,则必须选取 33,再从 {1,2}\{1,2\} 中选一个,并从 {4,5,,10}\{4,5,\ldots,10\} 中选四个。因此满足条件的集合有 2(74)=70 2\binom74=70 个。所求概率为 70210=13\frac{70}{210}=\frac{1}{3}

因此正确答案是 C

There are (106)=210\binom{10}{6}=210 possible sets. If the second-smallest element is 3,3, then 33 is selected, one element is chosen from {1,2},\{1,2\}, and four are chosen from {4,5,,10}.\{4,5,\ldots,10\}. This gives 2(74)=70 2\binom74=70 favorable sets. The probability is 70210=13.\frac{70}{210}=\frac{1}{3}.

Thus the correct answer is C.

23.

N=695+5694+10693+10692+569+1 \begin{aligned} N={}&69^5+5\cdot69^4+10\cdot69^3\\ &{}+10\cdot69^2+5\cdot69+1 \end{aligned}\text{。}NN 有多少个正因数?

Let N=695+5694+10693+10692+569+1. \begin{aligned} N={}&69^5+5\cdot69^4+10\cdot69^3\\ &{}+10\cdot69^2+5\cdot69+1. \end{aligned} How many positive integers are factors of N?N?

33

55

6969

125125

216216

难度评级:1890
小提示:

识别系数 1,5,10,10,5,11,5,10,10,5,1

Recognize the coefficients 1,5,10,10,5,11,5,10,10,5,1

大提示:

使用二项式定理后,将所得的底数分解为质因数

After using the binomial theorem, factor the resulting base into primes

解答:

由二项式定理, N=(69+1)5=705=255575 \begin{aligned} N&=(69+1)^5=70^5\\ &=2^5\cdot5^5\cdot7^5 \end{aligned}\text{。}构造一个因数时,可以分别为这三个质因数选择从 0055 的指数。因此,NN63=2166^3=216 个正因数。

因此正确答案是 E

By the binomial theorem, N=(69+1)5=705=255575. \begin{aligned} N&=(69+1)^5=70^5\\ &=2^5\cdot5^5\cdot7^5. \end{aligned} A divisor independently chooses an exponent from 00 through 55 for each of the three primes. Thus NN has 63=2166^3=216 positive divisors.

Therefore the correct answer is E.

24.

p(x)=x2+bx+cp(x)=x^2+bx+c,其中 bbcc 均为整数。若 p(x)p(x) 同时是下列两个多项式的因式:

x4+6x2+25 x^4+6x^2+25

以及

3x4+4x2+28x+5 3x^4+4x^2+28x+5\text{,}那么 p(1)p(1) 等于多少?

Let p(x)=x2+bx+c,p(x)=x^2+bx+c, where bb and cc are integers. If p(x)p(x) is a factor of both

x4+6x2+25 x^4+6x^2+25

and

3x4+4x2+28x+5, 3x^4+4x^2+28x+5, what is p(1)?p(1)?

00

11

22

44

88

难度评级:2200
小提示:

公因式必定整除这两个多项式的任意整数线性组合

A common factor divides every integer linear combination of the two polynomials

大提示:

用第一个多项式的三倍减去第二个多项式

Subtract the second polynomial from three times the first

解答:

公因式 p(x)p(x) 整除 3(x4+6x2+25)(3x4+4x2+28x+5)=14(x22x+5) \begin{aligned} &3(x^4+6x^2+25)\\ &\quad{}-(3x^4+4x^2+28x+5)\\ &\qquad=14(x^2-2x+5) \end{aligned}\text{。}由于 p(x)p(x) 是整系数首一多项式,由高斯引理可知它整除 x22x+5x^2-2x+5。这两个多项式都是同次的首一多项式,所以 p(x)=x22x+5p(x)=x^2-2x+5。因此 p(1)=12+5=4p(1)=1-2+5=4

因此正确答案是 D

The common factor p(x)p(x) divides 3(x4+6x2+25)(3x4+4x2+28x+5)=14(x22x+5). \begin{aligned} &3(x^4+6x^2+25)\\ &\quad{}-(3x^4+4x^2+28x+5)\\ &\qquad=14(x^2-2x+5). \end{aligned} Because p(x)p(x) is monic with integer coefficients, Gauss’s lemma implies that it divides x22x+5.x^2-2x+5. The two polynomials are monic and have the same degree, so p(x)=x22x+5.p(x)=x^2-2x+5. Hence p(1)=12+5=4.p(1)=1-2+5=4.

Thus the correct answer is D.

25.

x\lfloor x\rfloor 表示不大于 xx 的最大整数,则 N=11024log2N= \sum_{N=1}^{1024}\lfloor\log_2N\rfloor=

If x\lfloor x\rfloor is the greatest integer less than or equal to x,x, then N=11024log2N= \sum_{N=1}^{1024}\lfloor\log_2N\rfloor=

81928192

82048204

92189218

log2(1024!)\lfloor\log_2(1024!)\rfloor

以上均非

none of these

难度评级:2300
小提示:

将整数 NN 按照其所在区间 2kN<2k+12^k\le N\lt2^{k+1} 分组

Group the integers NN according to the interval 2kN<2k+12^k\le N\lt2^{k+1}

大提示:

共有 2k2^k 个整数属于第 kk 组;单独处理 N=1024N=1024

There are 2k2^k integers in the kkth group; handle N=1024N=1024 separately

解答:

对于 0k90\le k\le9,恰有 2k2^k 个整数 NN 满足 2kN<2k+12^k\le N\lt2^{k+1},每个都贡献 kk。最后一个整数 1024=2101024=2^{10} 贡献 1010。因此 N=11024log2N=k=09k2k+10 \sum_{N=1}^{1024}\lfloor\log_2N\rfloor =\sum_{k=0}^{9}k2^k+10\text{。}由有限几何级数的恒等式,k=09k2k=8194\sum_{k=0}^{9}k2^k=8194,所以所求的和为 82048204

因此正确答案是 B

For 0k9,0\le k\le9, exactly 2k2^k integers NN satisfy 2kN<2k+1,2^k\le N\lt2^{k+1}, and each contributes k.k. The final integer 1024=2101024=2^{10} contributes 10.10. Hence N=11024log2N=k=09k2k+10. \sum_{N=1}^{1024}\lfloor\log_2N\rfloor =\sum_{k=0}^{9}k2^k+10. The finite geometric-sum identity gives k=09k2k=8194,\sum_{k=0}^{9}k2^k=8194, so the requested sum is 8204.8204.

Thus the correct answer is B.

26.

要在坐标平面内构造一个直角三角形,使它的两条直角边分别平行于 xx 轴和 yy 轴,并使连接直角顶点与两条直角边中点的中线分别位于直线 y=3x+1y=3x+1y=mx+2y=mx+2 上。能使这样的三角形存在的不同常数 mm 的个数是

It is desired to construct a right triangle in the coordinate plane so that its legs are parallel to the xx and yy axes and so that the medians to the midpoints of the legs lie on the lines y=3x+1y=3x+1 and y=mx+2.y=mx+2. The number of different constants mm for which such a triangle exists is

00

11

22

33

多于 33

more than 33

难度评级:2230
小提示:

将直角边平行于坐标轴的直角三角形放在便于计算的位置,并求出通向两条直角边中点的两条中线的斜率

Place an axis-aligned right triangle at convenient coordinates and compute the slopes of the two medians to its legs

大提示:

两条中线斜率的比值为 44;注意给定的任一条直线都可能是斜率绝对值较大的那一条

The two slopes differ by a factor of 4;4; remember that either given line could be the steeper one

解答:

将直角顶点置于 (0,0)(0,0),另两个顶点分别置于 (a,0)(a,0)(0,b)(0,b)。通向两条直角边中点的中线斜率分别为 2ba-\frac{2b}{a}b2a-\frac{b}{2a},二者之比为 44。因此,若一条中线的斜率为 33,另一条的斜率可以为 121234\frac{3}{4}。两种情况都能实现:先选取具有所需两条斜率的三角形,再将它的重心平移到两条给定直线的交点即可。因此 mm 有两个可能值。

因此正确答案是 C

Place the right-angle vertex at (0,0)(0,0) and the other vertices at (a,0)(a,0) and (0,b).(0,b). The medians to the legs have slopes 2ba-\frac{2b}{a} and b2a,-\frac{b}{2a}, whose ratio is 4.4. Therefore, if one median has slope 3,3, the other can have slope 1212 or 34.\frac{3}{4}. Both occur: choose a triangle with the required pair of slopes and translate its centroid to the intersection of the two specified lines. Thus there are two possible values of m.m.

Therefore the correct answer is C.

27.

在右图中,ABAB 是圆的直径,CDCD 是一条平行于 ABAB 的弦,且 ACACBDBD 相交于 EE,其中 AED=α\angle AED=\alpha。三角形 CDE\triangle CDE 与三角形 ABE\triangle ABE 的面积之比为

In the adjoining figure, ABAB is a diameter of the circle, CDCD is a chord parallel to AB,AB, and ACAC intersects BDBD at E,E, with AED=α.\angle AED=\alpha. The ratio of the area of CDE\triangle CDE to that of ABE\triangle ABE is

cosα\cos\alpha

sinα\sin\alpha

cos2α\cos^2\alpha

sin2α\sin^2\alpha

1sinα1-\sin\alpha

难度评级:2320
小提示:

用在 EE 点相交的两条边表示各三角形的面积

Express each triangle’s area using the two sides meeting at EE

大提示:

使用相交弦定理,然后连接 ADAD,并利用直径 ABAB 所形成的直角三角形

Use the intersecting-chords theorem, then draw ADAD and use the right triangle created by diameter ABAB

解答:

两个三角形在 EE 点所用的角相同,所以 [CDE][ABE]=CEDEAEBE \frac{[CDE]}{[ABE]} =\frac{CE\cdot DE}{AE\cdot BE}\text{。}由相交弦定理,AECE=BEDEAE\cdot CE=BE\cdot DE,所以这个比值化为 (DEAE)2(\frac{DE}{AE})^2。连接 ADAD。由于 ABAB 是直径,ADB=90\angle ADB=90^\circ,且 D,E,BD,E,B 三点共线。因此三角形 ADEADEDD 点为直角,并且 DEAE=cosα\frac{DE}{AE}=\cos\alpha。所求比值为 cos2α\cos^2\alpha

因此正确答案是 C

The triangles use the same angle at E,E, so [CDE][ABE]=CEDEAEBE. \frac{[CDE]}{[ABE]} =\frac{CE\cdot DE}{AE\cdot BE}. Intersecting chords give AECE=BEDE,AE\cdot CE=BE\cdot DE, so this ratio becomes (DEAE)2.(\frac{DE}{AE})^2. Draw AD.AD. Since ABAB is a diameter, ADB=90,\angle ADB=90^\circ, and D,E,BD,E,B are collinear. Thus triangle ADEADE is right at D,D, and DEAE=cosα.\frac{DE}{AE}=\cos\alpha. The required ratio is cos2α.\cos^2\alpha.

Thus the correct answer is C.

28.

ABCDEABCDE 是正五边形。APAPAQAQARAR 分别是从 AA 点向 CDCDCBCB 的延长线和 DEDE 的延长线所作的垂线。设 OO 为该五边形的中心。若 OP=1OP=1,则 AO+AQ+ARAO+AQ+AR 等于

ABCDEABCDE is a regular pentagon. AP,AP, AQAQ and ARAR are the perpendiculars dropped from AA onto CD,CD, CBCB extended and DEDE extended, respectively. Let OO be the center of the pentagon. If OP=1,OP=1, then AO+AQ+ARAO+AQ+AR equals

33

1+51+\sqrt5

44

2+52+\sqrt5

55

难度评级:2320
小提示:

设边长为 ss,利用以中心为顶点的五个三角形计算五边形的面积

Let ss be the side length and compute the pentagon’s area from its five central triangles

大提示:

也可将五边形分成三角形 ABCABCACDACDADEADE,其高分别为 AQ,AP,ARAQ,AP,AR

Also split the pentagon into triangles ABC,ABC, ACDACD and ADEADE with altitudes AQ,AP,ARAQ,AP,AR

解答:

设边长为 ss。由于边心距 OP=1OP=1,由以中心为顶点的五个三角形可得五边形的面积为 5s2\frac{5s}{2}。同一个五边形也是三角形 ABCABCACDACDADEADE 的并,这三个三角形以五边形边长为底时的高分别为 AQ,AP,ARAQ,AP,AR。因此 s2(AQ+AP+AR)=5s2 \frac{s}{2}(AQ+AP+AR)=\frac{5s}{2}\text{,}所以 AQ+AP+AR=5AQ+AP+AR=5。此外,AP=AO+OP=AO+1AP=AO+OP=AO+1。因此 AO+AQ+AR=4AO+AQ+AR=4

因此正确答案是 C

Let the side length be s.s. Since the apothem OP=1,OP=1, the five central triangles give pentagon area 5s2.\frac{5s}{2}. The same pentagon is the union of triangles ABC,ABC, ACDACD and ADE,ADE, whose respective altitudes to side-length bases are AQ,AP,AR.AQ,AP,AR. Hence s2(AQ+AP+AR)=5s2, \frac{s}{2}(AQ+AP+AR)=\frac{5s}{2}, so AQ+AP+AR=5.AQ+AP+AR=5. Also AP=AO+OP=AO+1.AP=AO+OP=AO+1. Therefore AO+AQ+AR=4.AO+AQ+AR=4.

Thus the correct answer is C.

29.

不等边三角形 ABCABC 的两条高分别长 441212。若第三条高的长度也是整数,它最大可能是多少?

Two of the altitudes of the scalene triangle ABCABC have length 44 and 12.12. If the length of the third altitude is also an integer, what is the biggest it can be?

44

55

66

77

以上均非

none of these

难度评级:2230
小提示:

当三角形面积固定时,每条边的长度与其对应的高成反比

For a fixed triangle area, each side is inversely proportional to its corresponding altitude

大提示:

对与 14,112,1h\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{12},\frac{1}{h} 成比例的三条边应用三角形不等式

Apply the triangle inequalities to side lengths proportional to 14,112,1h\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{12},\frac{1}{h}

解答:

设第三条高为 hh。由于每条边的长度为公共面积的两倍除以对应的高,三条边的长度成比例于 14,112,1h \frac14,\qquad\frac1{12},\qquad\frac1h\text{。}两个非平凡的三角形不等式给出 1h<14+112=13,1h>14112=16 \begin{aligned} \frac1h&\lt\frac14+\frac1{12}=\frac13,\\ \frac1h&\gt\frac14-\frac1{12}=\frac16 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 3<h<63\lt h\lt6。其中最大的整数为 55,而三条高互不相同,符合不等边三角形的要求。

因此正确答案是 B

Let the third altitude be h.h. Since each side equals twice the common area divided by its altitude, the side lengths are proportional to 14,112,1h. \frac14,\qquad\frac1{12},\qquad\frac1h. The two nontrivial triangle inequalities give 1h<14+112=13,1h>14112=16. \begin{aligned} \frac1h&\lt\frac14+\frac1{12}=\frac13,\\ \frac1h&\gt\frac14-\frac1{12}=\frac16. \end{aligned} Thus 3<h<6.3\lt h\lt6. The largest integral possibility is 5,5, and its three altitudes are distinct as required for a scalene triangle.

Therefore the correct answer is B.

30.

联立方程组 2y=x+17x,2z=y+17y,2w=z+17z,2x=w+17w \begin{aligned} 2y&=x+\frac{17}{x},\\ 2z&=y+\frac{17}{y},\\ 2w&=z+\frac{17}{z},\\ 2x&=w+\frac{17}{w} \end{aligned} 的实数解 (x,y,z,w)(x,y,z,w) 的个数是

The number of real solutions (x,y,z,w)(x,y,z,w) of the simultaneous equations 2y=x+17x,2z=y+17y,2w=z+17z,2x=w+17w. \begin{aligned} 2y&=x+\frac{17}{x},\\ 2z&=y+\frac{17}{y},\\ 2w&=z+\frac{17}{z},\\ 2x&=w+\frac{17}{w}. \end{aligned} is

11

22

44

88

1616

难度评级:2420
小提示:

这些方程迫使四个变量同号

The equations force all four variables to have the same sign

大提示:

对正数 tt,研究 f(t)=t+17t2f(t)=\frac{t+\frac{17}{t}}{2}17\sqrt{17} 以及 tt 的大小关系

For positive t,t, study f(t)=t+17t2f(t)=\frac{t+\frac{17}{t}}{2} relative to 17\sqrt{17} and to tt

解答:

每个表达式 t+17tt+\frac{17}{t} 都与 tt 同号,所以四个变量必定同号。先假设它们全为正数。由算术平均值与几何平均值不等式,每个变量都至少为 17\sqrt{17}。当 t>17t\gt\sqrt{17} 时, t+17t2<t \frac{t+\frac{17}{t}}{2}\lt t\text{。}如果任一变量大于 17\sqrt{17},这些方程就会导出不可能成立的严格循环不等式 x>y>z>w>xx\gt y\gt z\gt w\gt x。所以唯一的正数解是 x=y=z=w=17 x=y=z=w=\sqrt{17}\text{。}将四个变量同时取相反数后方程组不变,因此恰好还有一个负数解,其中所有变量都等于 17-\sqrt{17}。所以共有两个实数解。

因此正确答案是 B

Each expression t+17tt+\frac{17}{t} has the same sign as t,t, so all four variables have the same sign. Suppose first that they are positive. By AM-GM, every variable is at least 17.\sqrt{17}. For t>17,t\gt\sqrt{17}, t+17t2<t. \frac{t+\frac{17}{t}}{2}\lt t. If any variable exceeded 17,\sqrt{17}, the equations would give the impossible strict cycle x>y>z>w>x.x\gt y\gt z\gt w\gt x. Hence the only positive solution is x=y=z=w=17. x=y=z=w=\sqrt{17}. Negating all four variables preserves the system, giving exactly one negative solution, with all variables equal to 17.-\sqrt{17}. Thus there are two real solutions.

Therefore the correct answer is B.