2026 AIME I 第 5 题

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5.

平面中有点 AABB,且 AB=1AB = 1。点 AA 绕点 BB 在平面中逆时针旋转一个锐角 θ\theta 到点 AA'。然后点 BB 绕点 AA' 在平面中顺时针旋转角 θ\theta 到点 BB'。已知 AB=43AB' = \frac{4}{3}cosθ\cos\theta 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 为互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

A plane contains points AA and BB with AB=1.AB = 1. Point AA is rotated in the plane counterclockwise through an acute angle θ\theta around point BB to point A.A'. Then BB is rotated in the plane clockwise through angle θ\theta around point AA' to point B.B'. Suppose AB=43.AB' = \frac{4}{3}. The value of cosθ\cos\theta can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:65
知识点:复数变换三角学
难度评级:2400
解答:

在复平面中令 B=0B = 0A=1A = 1。把 zzPP 逆时针旋转角 φ\varphiP+eiφ(zP)P + e^{i\varphi}(z - P)。因此 A=eiθA' = e^{i\theta},而把 BBAA' 顺时针旋转 θ\thetaB=A+eiθ(0A)=eiθeiθeiθ=eiθ1. \begin{aligned} &B' = A' + e^{-i\theta}(0 - A') \\ &= e^{i\theta} - e^{-i\theta}e^{i\theta} \\ &= e^{i\theta} - 1. \end{aligned}

于是 令它等于 (43)2=169\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^2 = \frac{16}{9},得到 4cosθ=5169=2994\cos\theta = 5 - \frac{16}{9} = \frac{29}{9},所以 cosθ=2936\cos\theta = \frac{29}{36}(确为正数,与 θ\theta 为锐角一致)。因此 m+n=29+36=65m + n = 29 + 36 = 65AB2=eiθ22=(cosθ2)2+sin2θ=54cosθ. \begin{aligned} &AB'^2 = \left|e^{i\theta} - 2\right|^2 \\ &= (\cos\theta - 2)^2 + \sin^2\theta \\ &= 5 - 4\cos\theta. \end{aligned}

Work in the complex plane with B=0B = 0 and A=1.A = 1. Rotating zz about PP through angle φ\varphi counterclockwise gives P+eiφ(zP).P + e^{i\varphi}(z - P). So A=eiθ,A' = e^{i\theta}, and rotating BB clockwise through θ\theta about AA' gives B=A+eiθ(0A)=eiθeiθeiθ=eiθ1. \begin{aligned} &B' = A' + e^{-i\theta}(0 - A') \\ &= e^{i\theta} - e^{-i\theta}e^{i\theta} \\ &= e^{i\theta} - 1. \end{aligned}

Then AB2=eiθ22=(cosθ2)2+sin2θ=54cosθ. \begin{aligned} &AB'^2 = \left|e^{i\theta} - 2\right|^2 \\ &= (\cos\theta - 2)^2 + \sin^2\theta \\ &= 5 - 4\cos\theta. \end{aligned} Setting this equal to (43)2=169\left(\frac{4}{3}\right)^2 = \frac{16}{9} gives 4cosθ=5169=299,4\cos\theta = 5 - \frac{16}{9} = \frac{29}{9}, so cosθ=2936\cos\theta = \frac{29}{36} (indeed positive, consistent with θ\theta acute). Thus m+n=29+36=65.m + n = 29 + 36 = 65.

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