2023 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

{1,2,3,,10}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 10\} 的子集个数,使得子集中恰好有一对连续整数。这样的子集例子包括 {1,2,5}\{\mathbf{1}, \mathbf{2}, 5\}{1,3,6,7,10}\{1, 3, \mathbf{6}, \mathbf{7}, 10\}

Find the number of subsets of {1,2,3,,10}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 10\} that contain exactly one pair of consecutive integers. Examples of such subsets are {1,2,5}\{\mathbf{1}, \mathbf{2}, 5\} and {1,3,6,7,10}.\{1, 3, \mathbf{6}, \mathbf{7}, 10\}.

答案:235
知识点:子集斐波那契数列分类讨论
难度评级:2650
解答:

首先,一个由 mm 个连续整数组成的区块中,不含两个连续元素的子集个数是斐波那契数 Fm+2F_{m+2} (其中 F1=F2=1F_1 = F_2 = 1):按最后一个元素是否被选来分类,会得到斐波那契递推,初始计数为 1,2,3,5,1, 2, 3, 5, \ldots

设唯一的连续整数对是 {k,k+1}\{k, k+1\},其中 1k91 \le k \le 9。其余元素必须排除 k1k - 1k+2k + 2(否则会产生第二对连续整数),并且在 {1,,k2}\{1, \ldots, k-2\}{k+3,,10}\{k+3, \ldots, 10\}, 这两个大小分别为 k2k - 28k8 - k 的区块中,不能包含连续整数。 因此对此 kk 的计数为 FkF10kF_k \cdot F_{10-k}

k=1,,9k = 1, \ldots, 9: 求和: k=19FkF10k=34+21+26+24+25+24+26+21+34=235. \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{9} F_k F_{10-k} &= 34 + 21 + 26 \\ &\quad {}+ 24 + 25 + 24 \\ &\quad {}+ 26 + 21 + 34 \\ &= 235. \end{aligned}

First, the number of subsets of a block of mm consecutive integers containing no two consecutive elements is the Fibonacci number Fm+2F_{m+2} (with F1=F2=1F_1 = F_2 = 1): conditioning on whether the last element is used gives the Fibonacci recursion, and the counts start 1,2,3,5,1, 2, 3, 5, \ldots

Suppose the unique consecutive pair is {k,k+1}\{k, k+1\} for some 1k9.1 \le k \le 9. The remaining elements must exclude k1k - 1 and k+2k + 2 (either would create a second consecutive pair) and must contain no consecutive pair within {1,,k2}\{1, \ldots, k-2\} or within {k+3,,10},\{k+3, \ldots, 10\}, blocks of sizes k2k - 2 and 8k.8 - k. So the count for this kk is FkF10k.F_k \cdot F_{10-k}.

Summing over k=1,,9:k = 1, \ldots, 9: k=19FkF10k=34+21+26+24+25+24+26+21+34=235. \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{9} F_k F_{10-k} &= 34 + 21 + 26 \\ &\quad {}+ 24 + 25 + 24 \\ &\quad {}+ 26 + 21 + 34 \\ &= 235. \end{aligned}

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