2018 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

求最小正整数 nn,使得 3n3^n 写成 143143 进制时,其最右边两位 143143 进制数字为 0101

Find the least positive integer nn such that when 3n3^n is written in base 143,143, its two right-most digits in base 143143 are 01.01.

答案:195
知识点:乘法阶模运算二项式定理最小公倍数
难度评级:2990
解答:

最后两个 143143 进制数字为 0101,恰好等价于 3n1(mod1432)3^n \equiv 1 \pmod{143^2}。由于 1432=112132143^2 = 11^2 \cdot 13^2,这又等价于 3n13^n \equiv 1 同时在模 11211^2132.13^2. 下成立。

12112135=243=2121+113^5 = 243 = 2 \cdot 121 + 1 \equiv 1,且由于 55 是质数、3≢13 \not\equiv 133 的阶恰为 55。模 169169331313 的阶为 33,所以模 169169 的阶是 33 的倍数。 写 33=27=1+263^3 = 27 = 1 + 26,并注意 262=41690(mod169)26^2 = 4 \cdot 169 \equiv 0 \pmod{169},二项式定理给出 33k=(1+26)k3^{3k} = (1 + 26)^k 1+26k(mod169)\equiv 1 + 26k \pmod{169},它等于 11 当且仅当 13k13 \mid k。所以 33169169 的阶为 3939

因此 nn 必须是 553939 的公倍数,最小为 lcm(5,39)=195\operatorname{lcm}(5, 39) = 195

The last two base-143143 digits are 0101 exactly when 3n1(mod1432),3^n \equiv 1 \pmod{143^2}, and since 1432=112132,143^2 = 11^2 \cdot 13^2, this holds exactly when 3n13^n \equiv 1 modulo both 11211^2 and 132.13^2.

Modulo 121:121: 35=243=2121+11,3^5 = 243 = 2 \cdot 121 + 1 \equiv 1, and since 55 is prime and 3≢1,3 \not\equiv 1, the order of 33 is exactly 5.5. Modulo 169:169: the order of 33 modulo 1313 is 3,3, so the order modulo 169169 is a multiple of 3.3. Writing 33=27=1+263^3 = 27 = 1 + 26 and noting 262=41690(mod169),26^2 = 4 \cdot 169 \equiv 0 \pmod{169}, the binomial theorem gives 33k=(1+26)k3^{3k} = (1 + 26)^k 1+26k(mod169),\equiv 1 + 26k \pmod{169}, which is 11 exactly when 13k.13 \mid k. So the order of 33 modulo 169169 is 39.39.

Therefore nn must be a common multiple of 55 and 39,39, and the least is lcm(5,39)=195.\operatorname{lcm}(5, 39) = 195.

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