2016 AIME II 第 8 题

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8.

求满足下列条件的三元素集合 {a,b,c}\{a, b, c\} 的个数:aabbcc 是三个互不相同的正整数,且它们的乘积等于 111121213131414151516161 的乘积。

Find the number of sets {a,b,c}\{a, b, c\} of three distinct positive integers with the property that the product of a,a, b,b, and cc is equal to the product of 11,11, 21,21, 31,31, 41,41, 51,51, and 61.61.

答案:728
知识点:质因数分解乘法原理
难度评级:2710
解答:

先计数满足 abc=112131415161=3271117314161=N. \begin{aligned} abc &= 11 \cdot 21 \cdot 31 \cdot 41 \cdot 51 \cdot 61 \\ &= 3^2 \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 17 \cdot 31 \cdot 41 \\ &\quad {}\cdot 61 = N. \end{aligned} 的有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c)。六个质数 7,11,17,31,41,617, 11, 17, 31, 41, 61 各出现一次,每个都可分给三个数中的任意一个,有 363^6 种。两个因子 33 可以分配给三个数,有 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 种。于是共有 636=43746 \cdot 3^6 = 4374 个有序三元组。

若三个值中有两个相等,它们的共同值 vv 满足 v2Nv^2 \mid N,所以 v=1v = 1v=3v = 3。 这给出取值集合 {1,1,N}\{1, 1, N\}{3,3,N9}\{3, 3, \frac{N}{9}\} 的三元组,每种有 33 个顺序, 一共 66 个有序三元组(三个全相等不可能)。剩下的 43746=43684374 - 6 = 4368 个有序三元组 的元素互不相同,而每个集合 {a,b,c}\{a, b, c\} 被计数 3!=63! = 6 次。

所以集合个数为 43686=728\frac{4368}{6} = 728

Count ordered triples (a,b,c)(a, b, c) with abc=112131415161=3271117314161=N. \begin{aligned} abc &= 11 \cdot 21 \cdot 31 \cdot 41 \cdot 51 \cdot 61 \\ &= 3^2 \cdot 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 17 \cdot 31 \cdot 41 \\ &\quad {}\cdot 61 = N. \end{aligned} Each of the six primes 7,11,17,31,41,617, 11, 17, 31, 41, 61 appears once and can go to any of the three values: 363^6 ways. The two factors of 33 can be split among the three values in (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 ways. That gives 636=43746 \cdot 3^6 = 4374 ordered triples.

If two of the three values were equal, their common value vv would satisfy v2N,v^2 \mid N, so v=1v = 1 or v=3.v = 3. This produces the triples with values {1,1,N}\{1, 1, N\} and {3,3,N9},\{3, 3, \frac{N}{9}\}, each in 33 orders, for 66 ordered triples in all (all three equal is impossible). The remaining 43746=43684374 - 6 = 4368 ordered triples have distinct entries, and each set {a,b,c}\{a, b, c\} is counted 3!=63! = 6 times.

So the number of sets is 43686=728.\frac{4368}{6} = 728.

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