2012 AIME I 第 8 题

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8.

如下图标记的正方体 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH 边长为 11 被一个经过顶点 DD 以及 AB\overline{AB}CG\overline{CG} 的中点 MMNN 的平面切开。该平面把正方体分成两个立体。较大立体的体积可写成 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q

Cube ABCDEFGH,ABCDEFGH, labeled as shown below, has edge length 11 and is cut by a plane passing through vertex DD and the midpoints MM and NN of AB\overline{AB} and CG,\overline{CG}, respectively. The plane divides the cube into two solids. The volume of the larger of the two solids can be written in the form pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:89
知识点:正方体体积棱锥相似
难度评级:2740
解答:

延伸切割平面。在底面中,直线 DMDM 与直线 CBCBBB 外侧的延长线相交于点 KK; 由于 MBDCMB \parallel DCMB=12DCMB = \frac{1}{2}DC,线段 MBMB 是三角形 KDCKDC 的中位线, 所以 BBCK\overline{CK} 的中点,且 CK=2CK = 2。该平面也在点 PP 处切割棱 BFBF,而正方体在平面外被切掉的部分,是棱锥 KDCNKDCN 去掉小棱锥 KMBPKMBP 后剩下的部分。

棱锥 KDCNKDCN 的底面 DCNDCN 是直角三角形,两条直角边为 DC=1DC = 1CN=12CN = \frac{1}{2},顶点 KK 到该底面所在平面的距离为 CK=2CK = 2,所以体积为 13142=16\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 = \frac{1}{6}。棱锥 KMBPKMBPKDCNKDCN 相似,相似比为 KBKC=12\frac{KB}{KC} = \frac{1}{2},所以其体积为 1816=148\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{6} = \frac{1}{48}

因此较小部分体积为 16148=748\frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{48} = \frac{7}{48},较大部分体积为 1748=41481 - \frac{7}{48} = \frac{41}{48},所以 p+q=41+48=89p + q = 41 + 48 = 89

Extend the cutting plane. In the bottom face, line DMDM meets line CBCB extended beyond BB at a point K;K; since MBDCMB \parallel DC and MB=12DC,MB = \frac{1}{2}DC, segment MBMB is a midline of triangle KDC,KDC, so BB is the midpoint of CK\overline{CK} and CK=2.CK = 2. The plane also cuts edge BFBF at a point P,P, and the piece of the cube cut off past the plane is the pyramid KDCNKDCN with the small pyramid KMBPKMBP sliced away.

Pyramid KDCNKDCN has base DCN,DCN, a right triangle with legs DC=1DC = 1 and CN=12,CN = \frac{1}{2}, and its apex KK is at distance CK=2CK = 2 from the plane of that base, so its volume is 13142=16.\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 = \frac{1}{6}. Pyramid KMBPKMBP is similar to KDCNKDCN with ratio KBKC=12,\frac{KB}{KC} = \frac{1}{2}, so its volume is 1816=148.\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{6} = \frac{1}{48}.

The smaller piece therefore has volume 16148=748,\frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{48} = \frac{7}{48}, and the larger piece has volume 1748=4148,1 - \frac{7}{48} = \frac{41}{48}, giving p+q=41+48=89.p + q = 41 + 48 = 89.

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