2012 AIME I 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
求有多少个三位正整数 ,数字不一定互不相同,满足 且 ,并且 和 都是 的倍数。
Find the number of positive integers with three not necessarily distinct digits, with and such that both and are multiples of
小提示:
一个数能被 整除只取决于末两位,所以 必须同时整除 和
Divisibility by depends only on the last two digits, so must divide both and
大提示:
相减可得 能被 整除,且 和 都为偶数,所以它们同在 或同在 中;之后由 决定 的奇偶性
Subtracting shows is divisible by with and even, so both lie in or both in then forces the parity of
解答:
一个整数是 的倍数,当且仅当它的末两位组成的数是 的倍数。因此需要 和 都能被 整除。特别地, 和 都是偶数;把两个条件相减,得到 能被 整除。非零偶数字按模 的余数分成 和 ,所以 和 必须来自同一组:每组给出 个有序对 。
若 ,则 ,要求 为奇数,有 种选择;关于 的另一个条件自动成立,因为 。若 ,则 必须为偶数,也有 种选择。
总数为 。
An integer is a multiple of exactly when its last two digits form a multiple of so we need and to be divisible by In particular and are even, and subtracting the two conditions shows is divisible by The even nonzero digits split by remainder mod into and so and must both come from the same one of these sets: ordered pairs from each.
If then requires odd ( choices), and the condition on holds automatically since If then must be even ( choices).
The count is
2.
一个等差数列各项之和为 。将第一项增加 ,第二项增加 ,第三项增加 ,一般地,将第 项增加第 个正奇数。新数列各项之和为 。求原数列的首项、末项和中间项之和。
The terms of an arithmetic sequence add to The first term of the sequence is increased by the second term is increased by the third term is increased by and in general, the th term is increased by the th odd positive integer. The terms of the new sequence add to Find the sum of the first, last, and middle terms of the original sequence.
小提示:
若数列有 项,增加的总量为
If the sequence has terms, the amounts added total
大提示:
等差数列的中间项等于所有项的平均数,而首项和末项之和等于这个平均数的两倍
In an arithmetic sequence the middle term equals the average of all the terms, and the first and last terms add to twice that average
解答:
若数列有 项,增加量是前 个正奇数之和,即 。因此 ,所以 。
原来 项的平均数为 ,这正是等差数列的中间项,也就是第六项。首项和末项的平均数同样为 ,所以它们的和为 。
所求和为 。
If the sequence has terms, the amounts added are the first odd numbers, whose sum is Thus so
The average of the terms is which equals the middle (sixth) term of the arithmetic sequence. The first and last terms also average to so they add to
The requested sum is
3.
九个人坐下吃晚餐,有三种餐食可选。三个人点了牛肉餐,三个人点了鸡肉餐,三个人点了鱼肉餐。服务员按随机顺序给这九个人上餐。求有多少种上餐食类型的方法,使得恰好有一个人得到自己所点的餐食类型。
Nine people sit down for dinner where there are three choices of meals. Three people order the beef meal, three order the chicken meal, and three order the fish meal. The waiter serves the nine meals in random order. Find the number of ways in which the waiter could serve the meal types to the nine people so that exactly one person receives the type of meal ordered by that person.
小提示:
先选出唯一被正确上餐的人( 种),再数剩下八个人没有任何人匹配的上餐方式
Pick the one correctly served person ( ways), then count servings of the remaining eight people with no matches
大提示:
追踪正确者所点类型剩下的两份餐:它们可以送到同一个其他组,也可以分送到两个组;之后几乎全部被迫确定
Follow the two leftover meals of the correct person’s type: they go into one other group or into both, and almost everything else is then forced
解答:
先选择唯一被正确上餐的人,有 种。由对称性,设此人点的是牛肉。剩下的餐为 份牛肉、 份鸡肉和 份鱼肉,要分给剩下 个人,其中有 个点牛肉、 个点鸡肉、 个点鱼肉,且无人匹配。只需追踪剩下 份牛肉餐送到鸡肉组还是鱼肉组。
若两份牛肉餐送到同一组,例如送给三个鸡肉点餐者中的两人,则连同送到鱼肉组的情况共有 种。此时第三个鸡肉点餐者必须得到鱼肉,三个鱼肉点餐者必须得到三份鸡肉餐,两个牛肉点餐者得到剩下的鱼肉餐,全部被迫确定。若一份牛肉送给鸡肉点餐者、一份送给鱼肉点餐者,有 种;另外两个鸡肉点餐者必须得到鱼肉,另外两个鱼肉点餐者必须得到鸡肉,剩下一份鸡肉和一份鱼肉分给两个牛肉点餐者,有 种。
总数为 。
Choose the one person served correctly ( ways); by symmetry say they ordered beef. The remaining meals — beef, chicken, and fish — must go to the other people ( beef, chicken, and fish orderers) with nobody matched. Track where the leftover beef meals go: to chicken or fish orderers.
If both go to the same group, say to two of the three chicken orderers ( ways counting both groups), then the third chicken orderer must receive fish, the three fish orderers must take the three chicken meals, and the two beef orderers take the remaining fish: everything is forced. If one goes to a chicken orderer and one to a fish orderer ( ways), the other two chicken orderers must take fish and the other two fish orderers must take chicken, leaving one chicken and one fish meal to split between the two beef orderers ( ways).
The total is
4.
Butch 和 Sundance 需要离开 Dodge。为了尽快前进,两人按如下方式轮流步行和骑唯一的一匹马 Sparky。开始时 Butch 步行,Sundance 骑马。Sundance 到达路线中第一个拴马桩时,把 Sparky 拴在那里并开始步行;这些拴马桩恰好每隔一英里设置一个。当 Butch 到达 Sparky 时,他骑马直到超过 Sundance,然后在下一个拴马桩留下 Sparky,继续步行;两人如此反复。Sparky、Butch 和 Sundance 的速度分别为每小时 、 和 英里。Butch 和 Sundance 第一次在某个里程标处相遇时,他们离 Dodge 有 英里,并且已经行进了 分钟。求 。
Butch and Sundance need to get out of Dodge. To travel as quickly as possible, each alternates walking and riding their only horse, Sparky, as follows. Butch begins by walking while Sundance rides. When Sundance reaches the first of the hitching posts that are conveniently located at one-mile intervals along their route, he ties Sparky to the post and begins walking. When Butch reaches Sparky, he rides until he passes Sundance, then leaves Sparky at the next hitching post and resumes walking, and they continue in this manner. Sparky, Butch, and Sundance walk at and miles per hour, respectively. The first time Butch and Sundance meet at a milepost, they are miles from Dodge, and they have been traveling for minutes. Find
小提示:
路线上的每一英里都恰好由两人中的一人骑马走过,所以若 Butch 步行了 英里,而总路程为 英里,他便骑马走了 英里,Sundance 则骑马走了 英里
Each mile of the route is ridden by exactly one of the two men, so if Butch walks of the miles, he rides and Sundance rides
大提示:
Butch 步行一英里需 分钟,Sundance 步行一英里需 分钟,骑马一英里需 分钟。令两人的行进时间相等,可得 。
A mile takes minutes walked by Butch, walked by Sundance, and ridden. Setting their travel times equal gives
解答:
Sparky 走一英里需 分钟,Butch 步行一英里需 分钟,Sundance 步行一英里需 分钟。马沿着两人同一路线前进,并且每一英里恰好由其中一人骑过。因此,若 Butch 步行了 英里,而总路程为 英里,他便骑马走了其余 英里;Sundance 则骑马走了这 英里,并步行其余 英里。
当他们在里程标相遇时,两人行进的时间相同,所以 化简得 。由于交接发生在里程标处, 和 都是整数;最小正整数解为 、。
因此 分钟,所以 。
Walking a mile takes Sparky minutes, Butch and Sundance The horse advances along the same route as the men and is ridden over each mile by exactly one of them, so if Butch walks of the miles and rides the other then Sundance rides those miles and walks the remaining
When they meet at a milepost they have been traveling for the same amount of time, so which simplifies to Since the handoffs happen at mileposts, and are integers, and the smallest positive solution is
Then minutes, so
5.
设 为所有二进制整数的集合,这些整数恰好由 个零和 个一写成,允许前导零。对 中两个元素做所有可能的减法,即用一个元素减去另一个元素。求结果为 的次数。
Let be the set of all binary integers that can be written using exactly zeros and ones where leading zeros are allowed. If all possible subtractions are performed in which one element of is subtracted from another, find the number of times the answer is obtained.
小提示:
数出 和 都属于 的数对。加 会把末尾形如 的块变成 。
Count pairs and that are both in Adding turns a trailing block into
大提示:
只有当 以 结尾时,一的个数才不变;前面的十一个数字相同,且含有七个一和四个零
The number of ones is unchanged only when ends in the other eleven digits are shared and contain seven ones and four zeros
解答:
我们要数 中相差 的数对,也就是数 和 都在该集合中的数对。给二进制数加 会把末尾的 (一个零后跟 个一)变成 ,使一的个数改变 。两个数都恰有八个一,当且仅当 :此时 以 结尾, 以 结尾,且两数在其他位置完全相同。
共同的前十一个数字于是由剩下的七个一和四个零组成。由于允许前导零,每种排列都给出一个有效数对,共有 个。每个数对恰好产生一次结果 ,所以次数为 。
We must count pairs of elements of differing by say and Adding to a binary number turns its trailing block (a zero followed by ones) into changing the number of ones by Both numbers have exactly eight ones precisely when ends in ends in and the two numbers agree everywhere else.
The shared first eleven digits then consist of the remaining seven ones and four zeros, and since leading zeros are allowed, every arrangement gives a valid pair: Each pair produces the answer exactly once, so the count is
6.
复数 和 满足 、,且 的虚部为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数,并且 。求 。
The complex numbers and satisfy and the imaginary part of is for relatively prime positive integers and with Find
小提示:
将一个方程代入另一个方程,得到 ,所以 是 次单位根
Substituting one equation into the other gives so is a nd root of unity
大提示:
写成 ,再把角度中的分数约到最简
Write and reduce the fraction in the angle to lowest terms
解答:
因为 ,题目所给的虚部为正,所以 。代入得 ,因此 。反过来,任何 次单位根 与 都满足条件,因为 。
因此 ,其中 为整数; 的虚部为 。题目所给的正弦值为正,所以可取 。由于 是素数, 已是最简形式,符合 且 的要求。因此 。
Because the specified imaginary part is positive, so Substituting, and hence Conversely, any nd root of unity works with since then
Hence for some integer and the imaginary part of is The sine specified in the problem is positive, so we may take Since is prime, is already in lowest terms, matching the required form with Thus
7.
下图网络中的十六个圆圈处各站着一名学生。共有 枚硬币分给这十六名学生。所有学生同时把自己的硬币全部送出,平均分给网络中与自己相邻的学生。交换之后,所有学生拥有的硬币数都和开始时相同。求原来站在中心圆圈处的学生拥有多少枚硬币。
At each of the sixteen circles in the network below stands a student. A total of coins are distributed among the sixteen students. All at once, all students give away all their coins by passing an equal number of coins to each of their neighbors in the network. After the trade, all students have the same number of coins as they started with. Find the number of coins the student standing at the center circle had originally.
小提示:
将圆圈按环分组(中心、内层五个、中层五个、外层五个),并追踪每一环的硬币总数
Group the circles into rings (center, inner five, middle five, outer five) and track the total number of coins in each ring
大提示:
有 个邻居的学生将自己硬币的 送给每个邻居,于是四个环的总数满足一个小型线性方程组
A student with neighbors sends each neighbor of their coins, so the four ring totals satisfy a small linear system
解答:
将十六个圆圈分成几层:中心、五个圆圈的内层、五个圆圈的中层、五个圆圈的外层,分别总共有 、、、 枚硬币。中心有 个邻居(内层);每个内层学生有 个邻居(中心和两个中层学生);每个中层学生有 个邻居(两个内层和两个外层);每个外层学生有 个邻居(两个中层和两个外层)。有 个邻居的学生把自己的硬币的 给每个邻居。
对每一层把交换后的收入相加,例如外层从每个中层学生那里收到两次各四分之一的硬币,总计为 。于是
第一个方程给出 ,第二个方程接着给出 ,最后一个方程给出 。总数为 ,所以中心学生原有 枚硬币。
Group the sixteen circles into rings: the center, the inner ring of five, the middle ring of five, and the outer ring of five, holding and coins in total, respectively. The center has neighbors (the inner ring); each inner student has (the center and two middle students); each middle student has (two inner and two outer); each outer student has (two middle and two outer). A student with neighbors sends of their coins to each neighbor.
Summing the trades over each ring (for example, the outer ring receives a quarter of each middle student’s coins twice over, which totals ) gives
The first equation gives the second then gives and the last gives The total is so the center student had coins.
8.
如下图标记的正方体 边长为 ,被一个经过顶点 和两个点 、 的平面切开;这两个点分别是 和 的中点。该平面把正方体分成两个立体。较大立体的体积可写成 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
Cube labeled as shown below, has edge length and is cut by a plane passing through vertex and the midpoints and of and respectively. The plane divides the cube into two solids. The volume of the larger of the two solids can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
将切割平面延伸,使其与直线 在 外侧的点 相交:由于 且 ,点 是 的中点
Extend the cutting plane to meet line beyond at since and point is the midpoint of
大提示:
较小部分是棱锥 减去棱锥 ,后者与前者相似,相似比为
The smaller piece is pyramid minus pyramid which is similar to it with ratio
解答:
延伸切割平面。在底面中,直线 与直线 在 外侧的延长线相交于点 ;由于 且 ,线段 是三角形 的中位线,所以 是 的中点,且 。该平面还与棱 相交于点 ;而正方体在平面外被切掉的部分,是棱锥 去掉小棱锥 后剩下的部分。
棱锥 的底面 是直角三角形,两条直角边为 和 ,顶点 到该底面所在平面的距离为 ,所以体积为 。棱锥 与 相似,相似比为 ,所以其体积为 。
因此较小部分体积为 ,较大部分体积为 ,所以 。
Extend the cutting plane. In the bottom face, line meets line extended beyond at a point since and segment is a midline of triangle so is the midpoint of and The plane also cuts edge at a point and the piece of the cube cut off past the plane is the pyramid with the small pyramid sliced away.
Pyramid has base a right triangle with legs and and its apex is at distance from the plane of that base, so its volume is Pyramid is similar to with ratio so its volume is
The smaller piece therefore has volume and the larger piece has volume giving
9.
设 、、 为满足 的正实数。 的值可表示为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
Let and be positive real numbers that satisfy The value of can be expressed in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
令 、、,这样每个对数都会变成关于指数的线性式之比
Set so each logarithm becomes a ratio of linear expressions in the exponents
大提示:
两个比值相等时,它们也等于分子之和与分母之和的比值:。把这个与第三个比值比较即可确定 。
Equal ratios also equal their mediant: Compare that with the third ratio to pin down
解答:
写成 、、。于是 ,,,条件变为
由前两个式子,,所以这个公共比值也等于分子之和与分母之和的比值 。与第三个表达式比较,得到 。公共值非零,所以 ,从而 ,得到 。又由 ,得 ,即 。
因此 ,所以 。
Write Then and so the condition is
From the first two, and equal ratios also equal their mediant Comparing with the third expression gives The common value is nonzero, so and thus giving Then yields that is,
Therefore so
10.
设 为所有在 进制表示中末三位是 的完全平方数的集合。设 为所有形如 的数的集合,其中 属于 。换句话说, 是把 中每个数的末三位截去后得到的数的集合。求 中第十小的元素除以 的余数。
Let be the set of all perfect squares whose rightmost three digits in base are Let be the set of all numbers of the form where is in In other words, is the set of numbers that result when the last three digits of each number in are truncated. Find the remainder when the tenth smallest element of is divided by
小提示:
能被 整除;分别处理素数幂 和
is divisible by handle the prime powers and separately
大提示:
必须整除两个因子中的一个,并且 能被 整除;合并可得
must divide one of the two factors, and is divisible by these combine to
解答:
一个平方数 末三位为 ,当且仅当 能被 整除。模 时,,迫使 能被 整除。模 时,两个因子 相差 ,所以 至多整除其中一个;因此 必须整除某一个因子,即 。由于 是 的倍数,两条件合并为 。
所以 由形如 的数构成,其平方根按递增顺序为 、、、、、。 中第十小的元素是 。
对应的 中元素为 ,除以 的余数是 。
A square ends in exactly when is divisible by Modulo forces to be divisible by Modulo the factors differ by so divides at most one of them, and hence must divide a single factor: Because is a multiple of the two conditions combine to
So consists of the numbers whose square roots in increasing order are The tenth smallest element of is
The corresponding element of is whose remainder upon division by is
11.
一只青蛙从 出发,并按如下规则连续跳跃:若当前在 ,则它可以跳到 ,其中这个新位置可以是 、、 或 中任一点。共有 个可达点 满足 。求 除以 的余数。
A frog begins at and makes a sequence of jumps according to the following rule: from the frog jumps to which may be any of the points or There are points with that can be reached by a sequence of such jumps. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
每次跳跃使 改变 或 ,并使 改变 或
Each jump changes by or and changes by or
大提示:
对于点 、,需要 和 奇偶性相同,而且这样的点都可达。注意 。
Points with and need and of equal parity, and all of them are reachable. Note
解答:
每次跳跃使 改变 或 ,并使 改变 。从 出发,每个可达点都满足 且 ,其中 和 为整数;此外 必须为整数,所以 和 奇偶性相同。又因为 ,条件 变为 且 。
反过来,每个这样的点都可达。重复使用使 向所需方向改变的跳法,可以先到达每条直线 上的某一点。两步组合可以平移 或 。两次前一种平移加一次后一种平移得到位移 ,而三次前一种平移加两次后一种平移得到 ,所以在固定直线上可使 改变 或 。最初到达的 与 奇偶性相同,因此这些位移可到达每个奇偶性相同的 。
计数:偶数 有 个,可与偶数 的 个配对;奇数 有 个,可与奇数 的 个配对。因此 。余数为 。
Each jump changes by or and changes by Starting from every reachable point therefore has and for integers and moreover must be an integer, so and have the same parity. Since the condition becomes and
Conversely, every such point is reachable. Repeating a jump that changes in the desired direction first reaches some point on every line Two-jump combinations translate by or Two of the former plus one of the latter give the shift while three of the former plus two of the latter give so along a fixed line they move by or The initially reached value of has the same parity as so these shifts reach every pair of equal parity.
Counting: even ( values) pairs with even ( values), and odd ( values) with odd ( values), so The remainder is
12.
设 是直角三角形,直角在 。点 和 在 上,且 位于 与 之间,并且 与 三等分 。若 ,则 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质正整数, 是不被任何素数平方整除的正整数。求 。
Let be a right triangle with right angle at Let and be points on with between and such that and trisect If then can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers, and is a positive integer not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
在三角形 中,射线 平分角 ,该角为 ,所以
In triangle ray bisects angle which measures so
大提示:
取 、;用余弦定理求出 ,再用一次余弦定理求
Take and the Law of Cosines gives and a second application gives
解答:
两条三等分线使 。在三角形 中,射线 平分角 ,该角为 ,所以由角平分线定理,。把三角形按比例放大或缩小,使 、。
在三角形 中用余弦定理,所以 。在同一三角形中再用余弦定理,,得到 。
因此 ,所以 ,并且 。
The trisectors make In triangle ray bisects angle which measures so the angle bisector theorem gives Scale the triangle so that and
By the Law of Cosines in triangle so Applying the Law of Cosines again in the same triangle, which gives
Then so and
13.
三个同心圆的半径分别为 、、。一个等边三角形的三个顶点分别在这三个圆上,其边长为 。该三角形的最大可能面积可写成 ,其中 、、、 是正整数, 与 互质,且 不被任何素数平方整除。求 。
Three concentric circles have radii and An equilateral triangle with one vertex on each circle has side length The largest possible area of the triangle can be written as where and are positive integers, and are relatively prime, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
设 、、。将平面旋转 ,旋转中心为 ,使 落到 ,并追踪圆心 。
Say Rotate the plane by about so that lands on and follow the center
大提示:
若 是 的像,则三角形 的边长为 、、;三角形达到最大面积时,
If is the image of triangle has sides and and the largest triangle comes from
解答:
设 为共同圆心,并把三角形标为 ,其中 、、。将平面旋转 ,旋转中心为 ,使 映到 ,并设 为 的像。则三角形 为等边三角形,所以 ,而 是 的像,长度为 。
三角形 的边长为 、、,所以 。在给出最大三角形的构型中, 位于 内部,并且 ,由余弦定理,若 位于三角形外部,则该三角形可放在半径为 的半圆中,所以其高至多为 ,从而 ,较小。
面积为 ,因此 。
Let be the common center and label the triangle with Rotate the plane by about so that maps to and let be the image of Then triangle is equilateral, so and the image of has length
Triangle has sides so In the configuration giving the largest triangle, lies inside and so by the Law of Cosines (If lies outside the triangle, the triangle fits in a half-disk of radius so its altitude is at most and which is smaller.)
The area is so
14.
复数 、、 是多项式 的零点,并且 。复平面中对应于 、、 的点是一个直角三角形的顶点,其斜边为 。求 。
Complex numbers and are the zeros of a polynomial and The points corresponding to and in the complex plane are the vertices of a right triangle with hypotenuse Find
小提示:
没有 项,所以 ;若直角在 ,则
There is no term, so if the right angle is at then
大提示:
斜边中点 到三个顶点距离相等;并且
The hypotenuse midpoint is equidistant from all three vertices; also
解答:
因为 没有 项,所以 。设直角在 ;则斜边连接 和 ,所以 ,且 。斜边中点 是直角三角形的外心,所以 。由于 ,可得 。
由平行四边形恒等式,,且 ,因此
所以 。
Since has no term, Say the right angle is at then the hypotenuse joins and so and The midpoint of the hypotenuse is the circumcenter of the right triangle, so Since this gives
By the parallelogram law, and so
Therefore
15.
有 位数学家围坐在一张有 个座位的圆桌旁,座位按顺时针编号为 、、、、。休息之后,他们再次围坐在桌旁。数学家们注意到存在一个正整数 ,使得:
对每个 ,休息前坐在座位 的数学家,休息后坐在座位 上(其中座位 就是座位 );
对任意一对数学家,休息后沿顺时针和逆时针两个方向数他们之间相隔的数学家人数,都不同于休息前这两个方向中的任一相隔人数。
求 的可能取值个数,其中 。
There are mathematicians seated around a circular table with seats numbered in clockwise order. After a break they again sit around the table. The mathematicians note that there is a positive integer such that
for each the mathematician who was seated in seat before the break is seated in seat after the break (where seat is seat );
for every pair of mathematicians, the number of mathematicians sitting between them after the break, counting in both the clockwise and the counterclockwise directions, is different from either of the number of mathematicians sitting between them before the break.
Find the number of possible values of with
小提示:
条件 表示座位 、、、 在模 下两两不同,也就是
Condition means the seats are pairwise distinct mod i.e.
大提示:
条件 还迫使 和 都与 互质;而三个连续整数中一定同时有 的倍数和 的倍数
Condition forces and to be coprime to as well, and among three consecutive integers there are multiples of both and
解答:
条件 要求座位 、、、 在模 下两两不同,这当且仅当 。对于条件 ,休息前来自座位 和 的两位数学家的间隔数由 决定,休息后由 决定。因此要求 ,其中 。等价地, 且 对每个非零剩余 都成立;这正好要求 和 也都与 互质。
所以 可行,当且仅当存在某个 满足 。任意三个连续整数都包含一个 的倍数和一个 的倍数,所以任取 ,当 时都不可能满足条件。反过来,若 ,则 可行,因为 只有素因子 和 。
有效的 必须在 范围内,并且恰好是同余于 的数,即 ,其中 ,共有 个。
Condition requires the seats to be pairwise distinct modulo which happens if and only if For condition the two mathematicians from seats and have gap counts before the break determined by and after the break by so the requirement is for all Equivalently, and for every nonzero residue which holds exactly when and are also relatively prime to
So is possible if and only if some satisfies Any three consecutive integers include a multiple of and a multiple of so no works when Conversely, if then works, since has only the prime factors and
The valid with are those congruent to namely for and there are of them.