2012 AIME I 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

求有多少个三位正整数 abcabc,数字不一定互不相同,满足 a0a \ne 0c0c \ne 0,并且 abcabccbacba 都是 44 的倍数。

Find the number of positive integers with three not necessarily distinct digits, abc,abc, with a0a \ne 0 and c0c \ne 0 such that both abcabc and cbacba are multiples of 4.4.

知识点:整除性数字分类讨论
难度评级:1950
小提示:

一个数能被 44 整除只取决于末两位,所以 44 必须同时整除 10b+c10b + c10b+a10b + a

Divisibility by 44 depends only on the last two digits, so 44 must divide both 10b+c10b + c and 10b+a10b + a

大提示:

相减可得 aca - c 能被 44 整除,且 aacc 都为偶数,所以它们同在 {2,6}\{2, 6\} 或同在 {4,8}\{4, 8\} 中;之后由 cc 决定 bb 的奇偶性

Subtracting shows aca - c is divisible by 44 with aa and cc even, so both lie in {2,6}\{2, 6\} or both in {4,8};\{4, 8\}; then cc forces the parity of bb

解答:

一个整数是 44 的倍数,当且仅当它的末两位组成的数是 44 的倍数。因此需要 10b+c10b + c10b+a10b + a 都能被 44 整除。特别地,aacc 都是偶数;把两个条件相减,得到 aca - c 能被 44 整除。非零偶数字按模 44 的余数分成 {2,6}\{2, 6\}{4,8}\{4, 8\},所以 aacc 必须来自同一组:每组给出 44 个有序对 (a,c)(a, c)

c2(mod4)c \equiv 2 \pmod 4,则 10b+c2b+2(mod4)10b + c \equiv 2b + 2 \pmod 4,要求 bb 为奇数,有 55 种选择;关于 10b+a10b + a 的另一个条件自动成立,因为 ac(mod4)a \equiv c \pmod 4。若 c0(mod4)c \equiv 0 \pmod 4,则 bb 必须为偶数,也有 55 种选择。

总数为 45+45=404 \cdot 5 + 4 \cdot 5 = 40

An integer is a multiple of 44 exactly when its last two digits form a multiple of 4,4, so we need 10b+c10b + c and 10b+a10b + a to be divisible by 4.4. In particular aa and cc are even, and subtracting the two conditions shows aca - c is divisible by 4.4. The even nonzero digits split by remainder mod 44 into {2,6}\{2, 6\} and {4,8},\{4, 8\}, so aa and cc must both come from the same one of these sets: 44 ordered pairs (a,c)(a, c) from each.

If c2(mod4),c \equiv 2 \pmod 4, then 10b+c2b+2(mod4)10b + c \equiv 2b + 2 \pmod 4 requires bb odd (55 choices), and the condition on 10b+a10b + a holds automatically since ac(mod4).a \equiv c \pmod 4. If c0(mod4),c \equiv 0 \pmod 4, then bb must be even (55 choices).

The count is 45+45=40.4 \cdot 5 + 4 \cdot 5 = 40.

2.

一个等差数列各项之和为 715715。将第一项增加 11,第二项增加 33,第三项增加 55,一般地,将第 kk 项增加第 kk 个正奇数。新数列各项之和为 836836。求原数列的首项、末项和中间项之和。

The terms of an arithmetic sequence add to 715.715. The first term of the sequence is increased by 1,1, the second term is increased by 3,3, the third term is increased by 5,5, and in general, the kkth term is increased by the kkth odd positive integer. The terms of the new sequence add to 836.836. Find the sum of the first, last, and middle terms of the original sequence.

难度评级:1790
小提示:

若数列有 nn 项,增加的总量为 1+3++(2n1)=n21 + 3 + \cdots + (2n - 1) = n^2

If the sequence has nn terms, the amounts added total 1+3++(2n1)=n21 + 3 + \cdots + (2n - 1) = n^2

大提示:

等差数列的中间项等于所有项的平均数,而首项和末项之和等于这个平均数的两倍

In an arithmetic sequence the middle term equals the average of all the terms, and the first and last terms add to twice that average

解答:

若数列有 nn 项,增加量是前 nn 个正奇数之和,即 n2n^2。因此 n2=836715=121n^2 = 836 - 715 = 121,所以 n=11n = 11

原来 1111 项的平均数为 71511=65\frac{715}{11} = 65,这正是等差数列的中间项,也就是第六项。首项和末项的平均数同样为 6565,所以它们的和为 130130

所求和为 65+130=19565 + 130 = 195

If the sequence has nn terms, the amounts added are the first nn odd numbers, whose sum is n2.n^2. Thus n2=836715=121,n^2 = 836 - 715 = 121, so n=11.n = 11.

The average of the 1111 terms is 71511=65,\frac{715}{11} = 65, which equals the middle (sixth) term of the arithmetic sequence. The first and last terms also average to 65,65, so they add to 130.130.

The requested sum is 65+130=195.65 + 130 = 195.

3.

九个人坐下吃晚餐,有三种餐食可选。三个人点了牛肉餐,三个人点了鸡肉餐,三个人点了鱼肉餐。服务员按随机顺序给这九个人上餐。求有多少种上餐食类型的方法,使得恰好有一个人得到自己所点的餐食类型。

Nine people sit down for dinner where there are three choices of meals. Three people order the beef meal, three order the chicken meal, and three order the fish meal. The waiter serves the nine meals in random order. Find the number of ways in which the waiter could serve the meal types to the nine people so that exactly one person receives the type of meal ordered by that person.

难度评级:2400
小提示:

先选出唯一被正确上餐的人(99 种),再数剩下八个人没有任何人匹配的上餐方式

Pick the one correctly served person (99 ways), then count servings of the remaining eight people with no matches

大提示:

追踪正确者所点类型剩下的两份餐:它们可以送到同一个其他组,也可以分送到两个组;之后几乎全部被迫确定

Follow the two leftover meals of the correct person’s type: they go into one other group or into both, and almost everything else is then forced

解答:

先选择唯一被正确上餐的人,有 99 种。由对称性,设此人点的是牛肉。剩下的餐为 22 份牛肉、33 份鸡肉和 33 份鱼肉,要分给剩下 88 个人,其中有 22 个点牛肉、33 个点鸡肉、33 个点鱼肉,且无人匹配。只需追踪剩下 22 份牛肉餐送到鸡肉组还是鱼肉组。

若两份牛肉餐送到同一组,例如送给三个鸡肉点餐者中的两人,则连同送到鱼肉组的情况共有 3+3=63 + 3 = 6 种。此时第三个鸡肉点餐者必须得到鱼肉,三个鱼肉点餐者必须得到三份鸡肉餐,两个牛肉点餐者得到剩下的鱼肉餐,全部被迫确定。若一份牛肉送给鸡肉点餐者、一份送给鱼肉点餐者,有 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 种;另外两个鸡肉点餐者必须得到鱼肉,另外两个鱼肉点餐者必须得到鸡肉,剩下一份鸡肉和一份鱼肉分给两个牛肉点餐者,有 22 种。

总数为 9(6+92)=2169\,(6 + 9 \cdot 2) = 216

Choose the one person served correctly (99 ways); by symmetry say they ordered beef. The remaining meals — 22 beef, 33 chicken, and 33 fish — must go to the other 88 people (22 beef, 33 chicken, and 33 fish orderers) with nobody matched. Track where the 22 leftover beef meals go: to chicken or fish orderers.

If both go to the same group, say to two of the three chicken orderers (3+3=63 + 3 = 6 ways counting both groups), then the third chicken orderer must receive fish, the three fish orderers must take the three chicken meals, and the two beef orderers take the remaining fish: everything is forced. If one goes to a chicken orderer and one to a fish orderer (33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 ways), the other two chicken orderers must take fish and the other two fish orderers must take chicken, leaving one chicken and one fish meal to split between the two beef orderers (22 ways).

The total is 9(6+92)=216.9\,(6 + 9 \cdot 2) = 216.

4.

Butch 和 Sundance 需要离开 Dodge。为了尽快前进,两人按如下方式轮流步行和骑唯一的一匹马 Sparky。开始时 Butch 步行,Sundance 骑马。Sundance 到达路线中第一个拴马桩时,把 Sparky 拴在那里并开始步行;这些拴马桩恰好每隔一英里设置一个。当 Butch 到达 Sparky 时,他骑马直到超过 Sundance,然后在下一个拴马桩留下 Sparky,继续步行;两人如此反复。Sparky、Butch 和 Sundance 的速度分别为每小时 66442.52.5 英里。Butch 和 Sundance 第一次在某个里程标处相遇时,他们离 Dodge 有 nn 英里,并且已经行进了 tt 分钟。求 n+tn + t

Butch and Sundance need to get out of Dodge. To travel as quickly as possible, each alternates walking and riding their only horse, Sparky, as follows. Butch begins by walking while Sundance rides. When Sundance reaches the first of the hitching posts that are conveniently located at one-mile intervals along their route, he ties Sparky to the post and begins walking. When Butch reaches Sparky, he rides until he passes Sundance, then leaves Sparky at the next hitching post and resumes walking, and they continue in this manner. Sparky, Butch, and Sundance walk at 6,6, 4,4, and 2.52.5 miles per hour, respectively. The first time Butch and Sundance meet at a milepost, they are nn miles from Dodge, and they have been traveling for tt minutes. Find n+t.n + t.

难度评级:2460
小提示:

路线上的每一英里都恰好由两人中的一人骑马走过,所以若 Butch 步行了 xx 英里,而总路程为 nn 英里,他便骑马走了 nxn - x 英里,Sundance 则骑马走了 xx 英里

Each mile of the route is ridden by exactly one of the two men, so if Butch walks xx of the nn miles, he rides nxn - x and Sundance rides xx

大提示:

Butch 步行一英里需 1515 分钟,Sundance 步行一英里需 2424 分钟,骑马一英里需 1010 分钟。令两人的行进时间相等,可得 19x=14n19x = 14n

A mile takes 1515 minutes walked by Butch, 2424 walked by Sundance, and 1010 ridden. Setting their travel times equal gives 19x=14n.19x = 14n.

解答:

Sparky 走一英里需 1010 分钟,Butch 步行一英里需 1515 分钟,Sundance 步行一英里需 2424 分钟。马沿着两人同一路线前进,并且每一英里恰好由其中一人骑过。因此,若 Butch 步行了 xx 英里,而总路程为 nn 英里,他便骑马走了其余 nxn - x 英里;Sundance 则骑马走了这 xx 英里,并步行其余 nxn - x 英里。

当他们在里程标相遇时,两人行进的时间相同,所以 15x+10(nx)=10x+24(nx) \begin{aligned} &15x + 10(n - x) \\ &= 10x + 24(n - x) \end{aligned}\text{,}化简得 19x=14n19x = 14n。由于交接发生在里程标处,xxnn 都是整数;最小正整数解为 x=14x = 14n=19n = 19

因此 t=1514+105=260t = 15 \cdot 14 + 10 \cdot 5 = 260 分钟,所以 n+t=19+260=279n + t = 19 + 260 = 279

Walking a mile takes Sparky 1010 minutes, Butch 15,15, and Sundance 24.24. The horse advances along the same route as the men and is ridden over each mile by exactly one of them, so if Butch walks xx of the nn miles and rides the other nx,n - x, then Sundance rides those xx miles and walks the remaining nx.n - x.

When they meet at a milepost they have been traveling for the same amount of time, so 15x+10(nx)=10x+24(nx), \begin{aligned} &15x + 10(n - x) \\ &= 10x + 24(n - x), \end{aligned} which simplifies to 19x=14n.19x = 14n. Since the handoffs happen at mileposts, xx and nn are integers, and the smallest positive solution is x=14,x = 14, n=19.n = 19.

Then t=1514+105=260t = 15 \cdot 14 + 10 \cdot 5 = 260 minutes, so n+t=19+260=279.n + t = 19 + 260 = 279.

5.

BB 为所有二进制整数的集合,这些整数恰好由 55 个零和 88 个一写成,允许前导零。对 BB 中两个元素做所有可能的减法,即用一个元素减去另一个元素。求结果为 11 的次数。

Let BB be the set of all binary integers that can be written using exactly 55 zeros and 88 ones where leading zeros are allowed. If all possible subtractions are performed in which one element of BB is subtracted from another, find the number of times the answer 11 is obtained.

知识点:进制组合
难度评级:2460
小提示:

数出 mmm+1m + 1 都属于 BB 的数对。加 11 会把末尾形如 0111011\ldots1 的块变成 1000100\ldots0

Count pairs mm and m+1m + 1 that are both in B.B. Adding 11 turns a trailing block 0111011\ldots1 into 1000.100\ldots0.

大提示:

只有当 mm0101 结尾时,一的个数才不变;前面的十一个数字相同,且含有七个一和四个零

The number of ones is unchanged only when mm ends in 01;01; the other eleven digits are shared and contain seven ones and four zeros

解答:

我们要数 BB 中相差 11 的数对,也就是数 mmm+1m + 1 都在该集合中的数对。给二进制数加 11 会把末尾的 0111011\cdots1(一个零后跟 kk 个一)变成 1000100\cdots0,使一的个数改变 1k1 - k。两个数都恰有八个一,当且仅当 k=1k = 1:此时 mm0101 结尾,m+1m + 11010 结尾,且两数在其他位置完全相同。

共同的前十一个数字于是由剩下的七个一和四个零组成。由于允许前导零,每种排列都给出一个有效数对,共有 (114)=330\binom{11}{4} = 330 个。每个数对恰好产生一次结果 11,所以次数为 330330

We must count pairs of elements of BB differing by 1,1, say mm and m+1.m + 1. Adding 11 to a binary number turns its trailing block 0111011\cdots1 (a zero followed by kk ones) into 1000,100\cdots0, changing the number of ones by 1k.1 - k. Both numbers have exactly eight ones precisely when k=1:k = 1: mm ends in 01,01, m+1m + 1 ends in 10,10, and the two numbers agree everywhere else.

The shared first eleven digits then consist of the remaining seven ones and four zeros, and since leading zeros are allowed, every arrangement gives a valid pair: (114)=330.\binom{11}{4} = 330. Each pair produces the answer 11 exactly once, so the count is 330.330.

6.

复数 zzww 满足 z13=wz^{13} = ww11=zw^{11} = z,且 zz 的虚部为 sin(mπn)\sin\left(\frac{m\pi}{n}\right),其中 mmnn 是互质正整数,并且 m<nm \lt n。求 nn

The complex numbers zz and ww satisfy z13=w,z^{13} = w, w11=z,w^{11} = z, and the imaginary part of zz is sin(mπn)\sin\left(\frac{m\pi}{n}\right) for relatively prime positive integers mm and nn with m<n.m \lt n. Find n.n.

知识点:单位根复数
难度评级:2300
小提示:

将一个方程代入另一个方程,得到 z143=zz^{143} = z,所以 zz142142 次单位根

Substituting one equation into the other gives z143=z,z^{143} = z, so zz is a 142142nd root of unity

大提示:

写成 z=cos2kπ142+isin2kπ142z = \cos\frac{2k\pi}{142} + i\sin\frac{2k\pi}{142},再把角度中的分数约到最简

Write z=cos2kπ142+isin2kπ142z = \cos\frac{2k\pi}{142} + i\sin\frac{2k\pi}{142} and reduce the fraction in the angle to lowest terms

解答:

因为 0<m<n0 \lt m \lt n,题目所给的虚部为正,所以 z0z \ne 0。代入得 z=w11=(z13)11=z143z = w^{11} = (z^{13})^{11} = z^{143},因此 z142=1z^{142} = 1。反过来,任何 142142 次单位根 zzw=z13w = z^{13} 都满足条件,因为 w11=z143=zw^{11} = z^{143} = z

因此 z=cos2kπ142+isin2kπ142z = \cos\frac{2k\pi}{142} + i\sin\frac{2k\pi}{142},其中 kk 为整数;zz 的虚部为 sinkπ71\sin\frac{k\pi}{71}。题目所给的正弦值为正,所以可取 1k701 \le k \le 70。由于 7171 是素数,k71\frac{k}{71} 已是最简形式,符合 sin(mπn)\sin\left(\frac{m\pi}{n}\right)m<nm \lt n 的要求。因此 n=71n = 71

Because 0<m<n,0 \lt m \lt n, the specified imaginary part is positive, so z0.z \ne 0. Substituting, z=w11=(z13)11=z143,z = w^{11} = (z^{13})^{11} = z^{143}, and hence z142=1.z^{142} = 1. Conversely, any 142142nd root of unity zz works with w=z13,w = z^{13}, since then w11=z143=z.w^{11} = z^{143} = z.

Hence z=cos2kπ142+isin2kπ142z = \cos\frac{2k\pi}{142} + i\sin\frac{2k\pi}{142} for some integer k,k, and the imaginary part of zz is sinkπ71.\sin\frac{k\pi}{71}. The sine specified in the problem is positive, so we may take 1k70.1 \le k \le 70. Since 7171 is prime, k71\frac{k}{71} is already in lowest terms, matching the required form sin(mπn)\sin\left(\frac{m\pi}{n}\right) with m<n.m \lt n. Thus n=71.n = 71.

7.

下图网络中的十六个圆圈处各站着一名学生。共有 33603360 枚硬币分给这十六名学生。所有学生同时把自己的硬币全部送出,平均分给网络中与自己相邻的学生。交换之后,所有学生拥有的硬币数都和开始时相同。求原来站在中心圆圈处的学生拥有多少枚硬币。

At each of the sixteen circles in the network below stands a student. A total of 33603360 coins are distributed among the sixteen students. All at once, all students give away all their coins by passing an equal number of coins to each of their neighbors in the network. After the trade, all students have the same number of coins as they started with. Find the number of coins the student standing at the center circle had originally.

知识点:方程组对称性
难度评级:2600
小提示:

将圆圈按环分组(中心、内层五个、中层五个、外层五个),并追踪每一环的硬币总数

Group the circles into rings (center, inner five, middle five, outer five) and track the total number of coins in each ring

大提示:

kk 个邻居的学生将自己硬币的 1k\frac{1}{k} 送给每个邻居,于是四个环的总数满足一个小型线性方程组

A student with kk neighbors sends each neighbor 1k\frac{1}{k} of their coins, so the four ring totals satisfy a small linear system

解答:

将十六个圆圈分成几层:中心、五个圆圈的内层、五个圆圈的中层、五个圆圈的外层,分别总共有 ppqqrrss 枚硬币。中心有 55 个邻居(内层);每个内层学生有 33 个邻居(中心和两个中层学生);每个中层学生有 44 个邻居(两个内层和两个外层);每个外层学生有 44 个邻居(两个中层和两个外层)。有 kk 个邻居的学生把自己的硬币的 1k\frac{1}{k} 给每个邻居。

对每一层把交换后的收入相加,例如外层从每个中层学生那里收到两次各四分之一的硬币,总计为 r2\frac{r}{2}。于是 p=q3,q=p+r2,r=2q3+s2,s=r2+s2 \begin{aligned} p &= \frac{q}{3}, \\ q &= p + \frac{r}{2}, \\ r &= \frac{2q}{3} + \frac{s}{2}, \\ s &= \frac{r}{2} + \frac{s}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

第一个方程给出 q=3pq = 3p,第二个方程接着给出 r=2(qp)=4pr = 2(q - p) = 4p,最后一个方程给出 s=r=4ps = r = 4p。总数为 p+3p+4p+4p=12p=3360p + 3p + 4p + 4p = 12p = 3360,所以中心学生原有 p=280p = 280 枚硬币。

Group the sixteen circles into rings: the center, the inner ring of five, the middle ring of five, and the outer ring of five, holding p,p, q,q, r,r, and ss coins in total, respectively. The center has 55 neighbors (the inner ring); each inner student has 33 (the center and two middle students); each middle student has 44 (two inner and two outer); each outer student has 44 (two middle and two outer). A student with kk neighbors sends 1k\frac{1}{k} of their coins to each neighbor.

Summing the trades over each ring (for example, the outer ring receives a quarter of each middle student’s coins twice over, which totals r2\frac{r}{2}) gives p=q3,q=p+r2,r=2q3+s2,s=r2+s2. \begin{aligned} p &= \frac{q}{3}, \\ q &= p + \frac{r}{2}, \\ r &= \frac{2q}{3} + \frac{s}{2}, \\ s &= \frac{r}{2} + \frac{s}{2}. \end{aligned}

The first equation gives q=3p,q = 3p, the second then gives r=2(qp)=4p,r = 2(q - p) = 4p, and the last gives s=r=4p.s = r = 4p. The total is p+3p+4p+4p=12p=3360,p + 3p + 4p + 4p = 12p = 3360, so the center student had p=280p = 280 coins.

8.

如下图标记的正方体 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH 边长为 11,被一个经过顶点 DD 和两个点 MMNN 的平面切开;这两个点分别是 AB\overline{AB}CG\overline{CG} 的中点。该平面把正方体分成两个立体。较大立体的体积可写成 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q

Cube ABCDEFGH,ABCDEFGH, labeled as shown below, has edge length 11 and is cut by a plane passing through vertex DD and the midpoints MM and NN of AB\overline{AB} and CG,\overline{CG}, respectively. The plane divides the cube into two solids. The volume of the larger of the two solids can be written in the form pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

难度评级:2740
小提示:

将切割平面延伸,使其与直线 BCBCBB 外侧的点 KK 相交:由于 MBDCMB \parallel DCMB=12DCMB = \frac{1}{2}DC,点 BBCK\overline{CK} 的中点

Extend the cutting plane to meet line BCBC beyond BB at K:K: since MBDCMB \parallel DC and MB=12DC,MB = \frac{1}{2}DC, point BB is the midpoint of CK\overline{CK}

大提示:

较小部分是棱锥 KDCNKDCN 减去棱锥 KMBPKMBP,后者与前者相似,相似比为 12\frac{1}{2}

The smaller piece is pyramid KDCNKDCN minus pyramid KMBP,KMBP, which is similar to it with ratio 12\frac{1}{2}

解答:

延伸切割平面。在底面中,直线 DMDM 与直线 CBCBBB 外侧的延长线相交于点 KK;由于 MBDCMB \parallel DCMB=12DCMB = \frac{1}{2}DC,线段 MBMB 是三角形 KDCKDC 的中位线,所以 BBCK\overline{CK} 的中点,且 CK=2CK = 2。该平面还与棱 BFBF 相交于点 PP;而正方体在平面外被切掉的部分,是棱锥 KDCNKDCN 去掉小棱锥 KMBPKMBP 后剩下的部分。

棱锥 KDCNKDCN 的底面 DCNDCN 是直角三角形,两条直角边为 DC=1DC = 1CN=12CN = \frac{1}{2},顶点 KK 到该底面所在平面的距离为 CK=2CK = 2,所以体积为 13142=16\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 = \frac{1}{6}。棱锥 KMBPKMBPKDCNKDCN 相似,相似比为 KBKC=12\frac{KB}{KC} = \frac{1}{2},所以其体积为 1816=148\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{6} = \frac{1}{48}

因此较小部分体积为 16148=748\frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{48} = \frac{7}{48},较大部分体积为 1748=41481 - \frac{7}{48} = \frac{41}{48},所以 p+q=41+48=89p + q = 41 + 48 = 89

Extend the cutting plane. In the bottom face, line DMDM meets line CBCB extended beyond BB at a point K;K; since MBDCMB \parallel DC and MB=12DC,MB = \frac{1}{2}DC, segment MBMB is a midline of triangle KDC,KDC, so BB is the midpoint of CK\overline{CK} and CK=2.CK = 2. The plane also cuts edge BFBF at a point P,P, and the piece of the cube cut off past the plane is the pyramid KDCNKDCN with the small pyramid KMBPKMBP sliced away.

Pyramid KDCNKDCN has base DCN,DCN, a right triangle with legs DC=1DC = 1 and CN=12,CN = \frac{1}{2}, and its apex KK is at distance CK=2CK = 2 from the plane of that base, so its volume is 13142=16.\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{4} \cdot 2 = \frac{1}{6}. Pyramid KMBPKMBP is similar to KDCNKDCN with ratio KBKC=12,\frac{KB}{KC} = \frac{1}{2}, so its volume is 1816=148.\frac{1}{8} \cdot \frac{1}{6} = \frac{1}{48}.

The smaller piece therefore has volume 16148=748,\frac{1}{6} - \frac{1}{48} = \frac{7}{48}, and the larger piece has volume 1748=4148,1 - \frac{7}{48} = \frac{41}{48}, giving p+q=41+48=89.p + q = 41 + 48 = 89.

9.

xxyyzz 为满足 2logx(2y)=2log2x(4z)=log2x4(8yz)0 \begin{aligned} 2\log_{x}(2y) &= 2\log_{2x}(4z) \\ &= \log_{2x^4}(8yz) \ne 0 \end{aligned} 的正实数。xy5zxy^5z 的值可表示为 12pq\frac{1}{2^{\frac{p}{q}}},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q

Let x,x, y,y, and zz be positive real numbers that satisfy 2logx(2y)=2log2x(4z)=log2x4(8yz)0. \begin{aligned} 2\log_{x}(2y) &= 2\log_{2x}(4z) \\ &= \log_{2x^4}(8yz) \ne 0. \end{aligned} The value of xy5zxy^5z can be expressed in the form 12pq,\frac{1}{2^{\frac{p}{q}}}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

难度评级:2650
小提示:

x=2ax = 2^ay=2by = 2^bz=2cz = 2^c,这样每个对数都会变成关于指数的线性式之比

Set x=2a,x = 2^a, y=2b,y = 2^b, z=2cz = 2^c so each logarithm becomes a ratio of linear expressions in the exponents

大提示:

两个比值相等时,它们也等于分子之和与分母之和的比值:u1v1=u2v2=u1+u2v1+v2\frac{u_1}{v_1} = \frac{u_2}{v_2} = \frac{u_1 + u_2}{v_1 + v_2}。把这个与第三个比值比较即可确定 aa

Equal ratios also equal their mediant: u1v1=u2v2=u1+u2v1+v2.\frac{u_1}{v_1} = \frac{u_2}{v_2} = \frac{u_1 + u_2}{v_1 + v_2}. Compare that with the third ratio to pin down a.a.

解答:

写成 x=2ax = 2^ay=2by = 2^bz=2cz = 2^c。于是 logx(2y)=b+1a\log_x(2y) = \frac{b + 1}{a}log2x(4z)=c+2a+1\log_{2x}(4z) = \frac{c + 2}{a + 1}log2x4(8yz)=b+c+34a+1\log_{2x^4}(8yz) = \frac{b + c + 3}{4a + 1},条件变为 2(b+1)a=2(c+2)a+1=b+c+34a+10 \begin{aligned} \frac{2(b + 1)}{a} &= \frac{2(c + 2)}{a + 1} \\ &= \frac{b + c + 3}{4a + 1} \ne 0 \end{aligned}\text{。}

由前两个式子,b+1a=c+2a+1\frac{b + 1}{a} = \frac{c + 2}{a + 1},所以这个公共比值也等于分子之和与分母之和的比值 b+c+32a+1\frac{b + c + 3}{2a + 1}。与第三个表达式比较,得到 2(b+c+3)2a+1=b+c+34a+1\frac{2(b + c + 3)}{2a + 1} = \frac{b + c + 3}{4a + 1}。公共值非零,所以 b+c+30b + c + 3 \ne 0,从而 2(4a+1)=2a+12(4a + 1) = 2a + 1,得到 a=16a = -\frac{1}{6}。又由 b+116=c+256\frac{b + 1}{-\frac{1}{6}} = \frac{c + 2}{\frac{5}{6}},得 c+2=5(b+1)c + 2 = -5(b + 1),即 5b+c=75b + c = -7

因此 xy5z=2a+5b+c=2167=12436xy^5z = 2^{a + 5b + c} = 2^{-\frac{1}{6} - 7} = \frac{1}{2^{\frac{43}{6}}},所以 p+q=43+6=49p + q = 43 + 6 = 49

Write x=2a,x = 2^a, y=2b,y = 2^b, z=2c.z = 2^c. Then logx(2y)=b+1a,\log_x(2y) = \frac{b + 1}{a}, log2x(4z)=c+2a+1,\log_{2x}(4z) = \frac{c + 2}{a + 1}, and log2x4(8yz)=b+c+34a+1,\log_{2x^4}(8yz) = \frac{b + c + 3}{4a + 1}, so the condition is 2(b+1)a=2(c+2)a+1=b+c+34a+10. \begin{aligned} \frac{2(b + 1)}{a} &= \frac{2(c + 2)}{a + 1} \\ &= \frac{b + c + 3}{4a + 1} \ne 0. \end{aligned}

From the first two, b+1a=c+2a+1,\frac{b + 1}{a} = \frac{c + 2}{a + 1}, and equal ratios also equal their mediant b+c+32a+1.\frac{b + c + 3}{2a + 1}. Comparing with the third expression gives 2(b+c+3)2a+1=b+c+34a+1.\frac{2(b + c + 3)}{2a + 1} = \frac{b + c + 3}{4a + 1}. The common value is nonzero, so b+c+30,b + c + 3 \ne 0, and thus 2(4a+1)=2a+1,2(4a + 1) = 2a + 1, giving a=16.a = -\frac{1}{6}. Then b+116=c+256\frac{b + 1}{-\frac{1}{6}} = \frac{c + 2}{\frac{5}{6}} yields c+2=5(b+1),c + 2 = -5(b + 1), that is, 5b+c=7.5b + c = -7.

Therefore xy5z=2a+5b+c=2167=12436,xy^5z = 2^{a + 5b + c} = 2^{-\frac{1}{6} - 7} = \frac{1}{2^{\frac{43}{6}}}, so p+q=43+6=49.p + q = 43 + 6 = 49.

10.

S\mathcal{S} 为所有在 1010 进制表示中末三位是 256256 的完全平方数的集合。设 T\mathcal{T} 为所有形如 x2561000\frac{x - 256}{1000} 的数的集合,其中 xx 属于 S\mathcal{S}。换句话说,T\mathcal{T} 是把 S\mathcal{S} 中每个数的末三位截去后得到的数的集合。求 T\mathcal{T} 中第十小的元素除以 10001000 的余数。

Let S\mathcal{S} be the set of all perfect squares whose rightmost three digits in base 1010 are 256.256. Let T\mathcal{T} be the set of all numbers of the form x2561000,\frac{x - 256}{1000}, where xx is in S.\mathcal{S}. In other words, T\mathcal{T} is the set of numbers that result when the last three digits of each number in S\mathcal{S} are truncated. Find the remainder when the tenth smallest element of T\mathcal{T} is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

n2256n^2 - 256 =(n16)(n+16)= (n - 16)(n + 16) 能被 10001000 整除;分别处理素数幂 88125125

n2256n^2 - 256 =(n16)(n+16)= (n - 16)(n + 16) is divisible by 1000;1000; handle the prime powers 88 and 125125 separately

大提示:

125125 必须整除两个因子中的一个,并且 nn 能被 44 整除;合并可得 n±16(mod500)n \equiv \pm 16 \pmod{500}

125125 must divide one of the two factors, and nn is divisible by 4;4; these combine to n±16(mod500)n \equiv \pm 16 \pmod{500}

解答:

一个平方数 n2n^2 末三位为 256256,当且仅当 n2256n^2 - 256 =(n16)(n+16)= (n - 16)(n + 16) 能被 10001000 整除。模 88 时,n20(mod8)n^2 \equiv 0 \pmod 8,迫使 nn 能被 44 整除。模 125125 时,两个因子 n±16n \pm 16 相差 3232,所以 55 至多整除其中一个;因此 125125 必须整除某一个因子,即 n±16(mod125)n \equiv \pm 16 \pmod{125}。由于 161644 的倍数,两条件合并为 n±16(mod500)n \equiv \pm 16 \pmod{500}

所以 S\mathcal{S} 由形如 (500m±16)2(500m \pm 16)^2 的数构成,其平方根按递增顺序为 161648448451651698498410161016\ldotsS\mathcal{S} 中第十小的元素是 (500516)2=24842(500 \cdot 5 - 16)^2 = 2484^2

对应的 T\mathcal{T} 中元素为 248422561000=246825001000=6170\frac{2484^2 - 256}{1000} = \frac{2468 \cdot 2500}{1000} = 6170,除以 10001000 的余数是 170170

A square n2n^2 ends in 256256 exactly when n2256n^2 - 256 =(n16)(n+16)= (n - 16)(n + 16) is divisible by 1000.1000. Modulo 8:8: n20(mod8)n^2 \equiv 0 \pmod 8 forces nn to be divisible by 4.4. Modulo 125:125: the factors n±16n \pm 16 differ by 32,32, so 55 divides at most one of them, and hence 125125 must divide a single factor: n±16(mod125).n \equiv \pm 16 \pmod{125}. Because 1616 is a multiple of 4,4, the two conditions combine to n±16(mod500).n \equiv \pm 16 \pmod{500}.

So S\mathcal{S} consists of the numbers (500m±16)2,(500m \pm 16)^2, whose square roots in increasing order are 16,16, 484,484, 516,516, 984,984, 1016,1016, .\ldots. The tenth smallest element of S\mathcal{S} is (500516)2=24842.(500 \cdot 5 - 16)^2 = 2484^2.

The corresponding element of T\mathcal{T} is 248422561000=246825001000=6170,\frac{2484^2 - 256}{1000} = \frac{2468 \cdot 2500}{1000} = 6170, whose remainder upon division by 10001000 is 170.170.

11.

一只青蛙从 P0=(0,0)P_0 = (0, 0) 出发,并按如下规则连续跳跃:若当前在 Pn=(xn,yn)P_n = (x_n, y_n),则它可以跳到 Pn+1P_{n+1},其中这个新位置可以是 (xn+7,yn+2)(x_n + 7, y_n + 2)(xn+2,yn+7)(x_n + 2, y_n + 7)(xn5,yn10)(x_n - 5, y_n - 10)(xn10,yn5)(x_n - 10, y_n - 5) 中任一点。共有 MM 个可达点 (x,y)(x, y) 满足 x+y100|x| + |y| \le 100。求 MM 除以 10001000 的余数。

A frog begins at P0=(0,0)P_0 = (0, 0) and makes a sequence of jumps according to the following rule: from Pn=(xn,yn),P_n = (x_n, y_n), the frog jumps to Pn+1,P_{n+1}, which may be any of the points (xn+7,yn+2),(x_n + 7, y_n + 2), (xn+2,yn+7),(x_n + 2, y_n + 7), (xn5,yn10),(x_n - 5, y_n - 10), or (xn10,yn5).(x_n - 10, y_n - 5). There are MM points (x,y)(x, y) with x+y100|x| + |y| \le 100 that can be reached by a sequence of such jumps. Find the remainder when MM is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

每次跳跃使 x+yx + y 改变 +9+915-15,并使 xyx - y 改变 +5+55-5

Each jump changes x+yx + y by +9+9 or 15-15 and changes xyx - y by +5+5 or 5-5

大提示:

对于点 x+y=3jx + y = 3jxy=5kx - y = 5k,需要 jjkk 奇偶性相同,而且这样的点都可达。注意 x+y=max(x+y,xy)|x| + |y| = \max(|x + y|, |x - y|)

Points with x+y=3jx + y = 3j and xy=5kx - y = 5k need jj and kk of equal parity, and all of them are reachable. Note x+y=max(x+y,xy).|x| + |y| = \max(|x + y|, |x - y|).

解答:

每次跳跃使 x+yx + y 改变 +9+915-15,并使 xyx - y 改变 ±5\pm 5。从 (0,0)(0, 0) 出发,每个可达点都满足 x+y=3jx + y = 3jxy=5kx - y = 5k,其中 jjkk 为整数;此外 x=3j+5k2x = \frac{3j + 5k}{2} 必须为整数,所以 jjkk 奇偶性相同。又因为 x+y=max(x+y,xy)|x| + |y| = \max(|x + y|,\, |x - y|),条件 x+y100|x| + |y| \le 100 变为 j33|j| \le 33k20|k| \le 20

反过来,每个这样的点都可达。重复使用使 kk 向所需方向改变的跳法,可以先到达每条直线 xy=5kx - y = 5k 上的某一点。两步组合可以平移 (9,9)(9, 9)(15,15)(-15, -15)。两次前一种平移加一次后一种平移得到位移 (3,3)(3, 3),而三次前一种平移加两次后一种平移得到 (3,3)(-3, -3),所以在固定直线上可使 jj 改变 222-2。最初到达的 jjkk 奇偶性相同,因此这些位移可到达每个奇偶性相同的 (j,k)(j, k)

计数:偶数 jj3333 个,可与偶数 kk2121 个配对;奇数 jj3434 个,可与奇数 kk2020 个配对。因此 M=3321+3420=1373M = 33 \cdot 21 + 34 \cdot 20 = 1373。余数为 373373

Each jump changes x+yx + y by +9+9 or 15-15 and changes xyx - y by ±5.\pm 5. Starting from (0,0),(0, 0), every reachable point therefore has x+y=3jx + y = 3j and xy=5kx - y = 5k for integers jj and k;k; moreover x=3j+5k2x = \frac{3j + 5k}{2} must be an integer, so jj and kk have the same parity. Since x+y=max(x+y,xy),|x| + |y| = \max(|x + y|,\, |x - y|), the condition x+y100|x| + |y| \le 100 becomes j33|j| \le 33 and k20.|k| \le 20.

Conversely, every such point is reachable. Repeating a jump that changes kk in the desired direction first reaches some point on every line xy=5k.x - y = 5k. Two-jump combinations translate by (9,9)(9, 9) or (15,15).(-15, -15). Two of the former plus one of the latter give the shift (3,3),(3, 3), while three of the former plus two of the latter give (3,3),(-3, -3), so along a fixed line they move jj by 22 or 2.-2. The initially reached value of jj has the same parity as k,k, so these shifts reach every pair (j,k)(j, k) of equal parity.

Counting: even jj (3333 values) pairs with even kk (2121 values), and odd jj (3434 values) with odd kk (2020 values), so M=3321+3420=1373.M = 33 \cdot 21 + 34 \cdot 20 = 1373. The remainder is 373.373.

12.

ABC\triangle ABC 是直角三角形,直角在 CC。点 DDEEAB\overline{AB} 上,且 DD 位于 AAEE 之间,并且 CD\overline{CD}CE\overline{CE} 三等分 C\angle C。若 DEBE=815\frac{DE}{BE} = \frac{8}{15},则 tanB\tan B 可写成 mpn\frac{m\sqrt{p}}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数,pp 是不被任何素数平方整除的正整数。求 m+n+pm + n + p

Let ABC\triangle ABC be a right triangle with right angle at C.C. Let DD and EE be points on AB\overline{AB} with DD between AA and EE such that CD\overline{CD} and CE\overline{CE} trisect C.\angle C. If DEBE=815,\frac{DE}{BE} = \frac{8}{15}, then tanB\tan B can be written as mpn,\frac{m\sqrt{p}}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, and pp is a positive integer not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

在三角形 DCBDCB 中,射线 CECE 平分角 DCBDCB,该角为 6060^\circ,所以 CDCB=DEEB=815\frac{CD}{CB} = \frac{DE}{EB} = \frac{8}{15}

In triangle DCB,DCB, ray CECE bisects angle DCB,DCB, which measures 60,60^\circ, so CDCB=DEEB=815\frac{CD}{CB} = \frac{DE}{EB} = \frac{8}{15}

大提示:

CD=8CD = 8CB=15CB = 15;用余弦定理求出 BDBD,再用一次余弦定理求 cosB\cos B

Take CD=8CD = 8 and CB=15;CB = 15; the Law of Cosines gives BD,BD, and a second application gives cosB\cos B

解答:

两条三等分线使 ACD=DCE=ECB\angle ACD = \angle DCE = \angle ECB =30= 30^\circ。在三角形 DCBDCB 中,射线 CECE 平分角 DCBDCB,该角为 6060^\circ,所以由角平分线定理,CDCB=DEEB=815\frac{CD}{CB} = \frac{DE}{EB} = \frac{8}{15}。把三角形按比例放大或缩小,使 CD=8CD = 8CB=15CB = 15

在三角形 DCBDCB 中用余弦定理,BD2=82+1522815cos60=169 \begin{aligned} BD^2 &= 8^2 + 15^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 8 \cdot 15 \cos 60^\circ \\ &= 169 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 BD=13BD = 13。在同一三角形中再用余弦定理,82=132+15221315cosB8^2 = 13^2 + 15^2 - 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 15 \cos B,得到 cosB=1113\cos B = \frac{11}{13}

因此 sinB=1121169=4313\sin B = \sqrt{1 - \frac{121}{169}} = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{13},所以 tanB=4311\tan B = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{11},并且 m+n+p=4+11+3=18m + n + p = 4 + 11 + 3 = 18

The trisectors make ACD=DCE=ECB\angle ACD = \angle DCE = \angle ECB =30.= 30^\circ. In triangle DCB,DCB, ray CECE bisects angle DCB,DCB, which measures 60,60^\circ, so the angle bisector theorem gives CDCB=DEEB=815.\frac{CD}{CB} = \frac{DE}{EB} = \frac{8}{15}. Scale the triangle so that CD=8CD = 8 and CB=15.CB = 15.

By the Law of Cosines in triangle DCB,DCB, BD2=82+1522815cos60=169, \begin{aligned} BD^2 &= 8^2 + 15^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 8 \cdot 15 \cos 60^\circ \\ &= 169, \end{aligned} so BD=13.BD = 13. Applying the Law of Cosines again in the same triangle, 82=132+15221315cosB,8^2 = 13^2 + 15^2 - 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 15 \cos B, which gives cosB=1113.\cos B = \frac{11}{13}.

Then sinB=1121169=4313,\sin B = \sqrt{1 - \frac{121}{169}} = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{13}, so tanB=4311\tan B = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{11} and m+n+p=4+11+3=18.m + n + p = 4 + 11 + 3 = 18.

13.

三个同心圆的半径分别为 334455。一个等边三角形的三个顶点分别在这三个圆上,其边长为 ss。该三角形的最大可能面积可写成 a+bcda + \frac{b}{c}\sqrt{d},其中 aabbccdd 是正整数,bbcc 互质,且 dd 不被任何素数平方整除。求 a+b+c+da + b + c + d

Three concentric circles have radii 3,3, 4,4, and 5.5. An equilateral triangle with one vertex on each circle has side length s.s. The largest possible area of the triangle can be written as a+bcd,a + \frac{b}{c}\sqrt{d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers, bb and cc are relatively prime, and dd is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c+d.a + b + c + d.

难度评级:3160
小提示:

OA=3OA = 3OB=4OB = 4OC=5OC = 5。将平面旋转 6060^\circ,旋转中心为 AA,使 BB 落到 CC,并追踪圆心 OO

Say OA=3,OA = 3, OB=4,OB = 4, OC=5.OC = 5. Rotate the plane by 6060^\circ about AA so that BB lands on C,C, and follow the center O.O.

大提示:

PPOO 的像,则三角形 OPCOPC 的边长为 334455;三角形达到最大面积时,APC=60+90\angle APC = 60^\circ + 90^\circ

If PP is the image of O,O, triangle OPCOPC has sides 3,3, 4,4, and 5,5, and the largest triangle comes from APC=60+90\angle APC = 60^\circ + 90^\circ

解答:

OO 为共同圆心,并把三角形标为 ABCABC,其中 OA=3OA = 3OB=4OB = 4OC=5OC = 5。将平面旋转 6060^\circ,旋转中心为 AA,使 BB 映到 CC,并设 PPOO 的像。则三角形 AOPAOP 为等边三角形,所以 OP=OA=3OP = OA = 3,而 PCPCOBOB 的像,长度为 44

三角形 OPCOPC 的边长为 334455,所以 OPC=90\angle OPC = 90^\circ。在给出最大三角形的构型中,OO 位于 ABCABC 内部,并且 APC\angle APC =APO+OPC= \angle APO + \angle OPC =60+90= 60^\circ + 90^\circ =150= 150^\circ,由余弦定理,s2=AC2=32+42234cos150=25+123 \begin{aligned} s^2 &= AC^2 = 3^2 + 4^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 4\cos 150^\circ \\ &= 25 + 12\sqrt{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}OO 位于三角形外部,则该三角形可放在半径为 55 的半圆中,所以其高至多为 55,从而 s21003s^2 \le \frac{100}{3},较小。

面积为 34s2=34(25+123)\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\,s^2 = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\left(25 + 12\sqrt{3}\right) =9+2543= 9 + \frac{25}{4}\sqrt{3},因此 a+b+c+da + b + c + d =9+25+4+3= 9 + 25 + 4 + 3 =41= 41

Let OO be the common center and label the triangle ABCABC with OA=3,OA = 3, OB=4,OB = 4, OC=5.OC = 5. Rotate the plane by 6060^\circ about AA so that BB maps to C,C, and let PP be the image of O.O. Then triangle AOPAOP is equilateral, so OP=OA=3,OP = OA = 3, and PC,PC, the image of OB,OB, has length 4.4.

Triangle OPCOPC has sides 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, so OPC=90.\angle OPC = 90^\circ. In the configuration giving the largest triangle, OO lies inside ABCABC and APC\angle APC =APO+OPC= \angle APO + \angle OPC =60+90= 60^\circ + 90^\circ =150,= 150^\circ, so by the Law of Cosines s2=AC2=32+42234cos150=25+123. \begin{aligned} s^2 &= AC^2 = 3^2 + 4^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 4\cos 150^\circ \\ &= 25 + 12\sqrt{3}. \end{aligned} (If OO lies outside the triangle, the triangle fits in a half-disk of radius 5,5, so its altitude is at most 55 and s21003,s^2 \le \frac{100}{3}, which is smaller.)

The area is 34s2=34(25+123)\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\,s^2 = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\left(25 + 12\sqrt{3}\right) =9+2543,= 9 + \frac{25}{4}\sqrt{3}, so a+b+c+da + b + c + d =9+25+4+3= 9 + 25 + 4 + 3 =41.= 41.

14.

复数 aabbcc 是多项式 P(z)=z3+qz+rP(z) = z^3 + qz + r 的零点,并且 a2+b2+c2=250|a|^2 + |b|^2 + |c|^2 = 250。复平面中对应于 aabbcc 的点是一个直角三角形的顶点,其斜边为 hh。求 h2h^2

Complex numbers a,a, b,b, and cc are the zeros of a polynomial P(z)=z3+qz+r,P(z) = z^3 + qz + r, and a2+b2+c2=250.|a|^2 + |b|^2 + |c|^2 = 250. The points corresponding to a,a, b,b, and cc in the complex plane are the vertices of a right triangle with hypotenuse h.h. Find h2.h^2.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

没有 z2z^2 项,所以 a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0;若直角在 bb,则 b=(a+c)b = -(a + c)

There is no z2z^2 term, so a+b+c=0;a + b + c = 0; if the right angle is at b,b, then b=(a+c)b = -(a + c)

大提示:

斜边中点 a+c2\frac{a + c}{2} 到三个顶点距离相等;并且 a2+c2=ac2+a+c22|a|^2 + |c|^2 = \frac{|a - c|^2 + |a + c|^2}{2}

The hypotenuse midpoint a+c2\frac{a + c}{2} is equidistant from all three vertices; also a2+c2=ac2+a+c22|a|^2 + |c|^2 = \frac{|a - c|^2 + |a + c|^2}{2}

解答:

因为 P(z)P(z) 没有 z2z^2 项,所以 a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0。设直角在 bb;则斜边连接 aacc,所以 h=ach = |a - c|,且 b=(a+c)b = -(a + c)。斜边中点 d=a+c2d = \frac{a + c}{2} 是直角三角形的外心,所以 bd=h2|b - d| = \frac{h}{2}。由于 bd=32(a+c)b - d = -\frac{3}{2}(a + c),可得 ac=3a+c|a - c| = 3\,|a + c|

由平行四边形恒等式,a2+c2=ac2+a+c22|a|^2 + |c|^2 = \frac{|a - c|^2 + |a + c|^2}{2},且 b2=a+c2|b|^2 = |a + c|^2,因此 250=9a+c2+a+c22+a+c2=6a+c2 \begin{aligned} 250 &= \frac{9\,|a + c|^2 + |a + c|^2}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ |a + c|^2 \\ &= 6\,|a + c|^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以 h2=ac2=9a+c2h^2 = |a - c|^2 = 9\,|a + c|^2 =92506= \frac{9 \cdot 250}{6} =375= 375

Since P(z)P(z) has no z2z^2 term, a+b+c=0.a + b + c = 0. Say the right angle is at b;b; then the hypotenuse joins aa and c,c, so h=ac,h = |a - c|, and b=(a+c).b = -(a + c). The midpoint d=a+c2d = \frac{a + c}{2} of the hypotenuse is the circumcenter of the right triangle, so bd=h2.|b - d| = \frac{h}{2}. Since bd=32(a+c),b - d = -\frac{3}{2}(a + c), this gives ac=3a+c.|a - c| = 3\,|a + c|.

By the parallelogram law, a2+c2=ac2+a+c22,|a|^2 + |c|^2 = \frac{|a - c|^2 + |a + c|^2}{2}, and b2=a+c2,|b|^2 = |a + c|^2, so 250=9a+c2+a+c22+a+c2=6a+c2. \begin{aligned} 250 &= \frac{9\,|a + c|^2 + |a + c|^2}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ |a + c|^2 \\ &= 6\,|a + c|^2. \end{aligned}

Therefore h2=ac2=9a+c2h^2 = |a - c|^2 = 9\,|a + c|^2 =92506= \frac{9 \cdot 250}{6} =375.= 375.

15.

nn 位数学家围坐在一张有 nn 个座位的圆桌旁,座位按顺时针编号为 112233\ldotsnn。休息之后,他们再次围坐在桌旁。数学家们注意到存在一个正整数 aa,使得:

(1)(1) 对每个 kk,休息前坐在座位 kk 的数学家,休息后坐在座位 kaka 上(其中座位 i+ni + n 就是座位 ii);

(2)(2) 对任意一对数学家,休息后沿顺时针和逆时针两个方向数他们之间相隔的数学家人数,都不同于休息前这两个方向中的任一相隔人数。

nn 的可能取值个数,其中 1<n<10001 \lt n \lt 1000

There are nn mathematicians seated around a circular table with nn seats numbered 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, nn in clockwise order. After a break they again sit around the table. The mathematicians note that there is a positive integer aa such that

(1)(1) for each k,k, the mathematician who was seated in seat kk before the break is seated in seat kaka after the break (where seat i+ni + n is seat ii);

(2)(2) for every pair of mathematicians, the number of mathematicians sitting between them after the break, counting in both the clockwise and the counterclockwise directions, is different from either of the number of mathematicians sitting between them before the break.

Find the number of possible values of nn with 1<n<1000.1 \lt n \lt 1000.

难度评级:3370
小提示:

条件 (1)(1) 表示座位 aa2a2a\ldotsnana 在模 nn 下两两不同,也就是 gcd(a,n)=1\gcd(a, n) = 1

Condition (1)(1) means the seats a,a, 2a,2a, ,\ldots, nana are pairwise distinct mod n,n, i.e. gcd(a,n)=1\gcd(a, n) = 1

大提示:

条件 (2)(2) 还迫使 a1a - 1a+1a + 1 都与 nn 互质;而三个连续整数中一定同时有 22 的倍数和 33 的倍数

Condition (2)(2) forces a1a - 1 and a+1a + 1 to be coprime to nn as well, and among three consecutive integers there are multiples of both 22 and 33

解答:

条件 (1)(1) 要求座位 aa2a2a\ldotsnana 在模 nn 下两两不同,这当且仅当 gcd(a,n)=1\gcd(a, n) = 1。对于条件 (2)(2),休息前来自座位 iijj 的两位数学家的间隔数由 ±(ij)modn\pm(i - j) \bmod n 决定,休息后由 ±a(ij)modn\pm a(i - j) \bmod n 决定。因此要求 a(ij)≢±(ij)(modn)a(i - j) \not\equiv \pm(i - j) \pmod{n},其中 iji \ne j。等价地,(a1)(ij)≢0(a - 1)(i - j) \not\equiv 0(a+1)(ij)≢0(modn)(a + 1)(i - j) \not\equiv 0 \pmod{n} 对每个非零剩余 iji - j 都成立;这正好要求 a1a - 1a+1a + 1 也都与 nn 互质。

所以 nn 可行,当且仅当存在某个 aa 满足 gcd((a1)a(a+1),n)=1\gcd\big((a - 1)\,a\,(a + 1),\, n\big) = 1。任意三个连续整数都包含一个 22 的倍数和一个 33 的倍数,所以任取 aa,当 gcd(n,6)>1\gcd(n, 6) \gt 1 时都不可能满足条件。反过来,若 gcd(n,6)=1\gcd(n, 6) = 1,则 a=3a = 3 可行,因为 234=242 \cdot 3 \cdot 4 = 24 只有素因子 2233

有效的 nn 必须在 1<n<10001 \lt n \lt 1000 范围内,并且恰好是同余于 ±1(mod6)\pm 1 \pmod 6 的数,即 6k±16k \pm 1,其中 1k1661 \le k \le 166,共有 2166=3322 \cdot 166 = 332 个。

Condition (1)(1) requires the seats a,a, 2a,2a, ,\ldots, nana to be pairwise distinct modulo n,n, which happens if and only if gcd(a,n)=1.\gcd(a, n) = 1. For condition (2),(2), the two mathematicians from seats ii and jj have gap counts before the break determined by ±(ij)modn\pm(i - j) \bmod n and after the break by ±a(ij)modn,\pm a(i - j) \bmod n, so the requirement is a(ij)≢±(ij)(modn)a(i - j) \not\equiv \pm(i - j) \pmod{n} for all ij.i \ne j. Equivalently, (a1)(ij)≢0(a - 1)(i - j) \not\equiv 0 and (a+1)(ij)≢0(modn)(a + 1)(i - j) \not\equiv 0 \pmod{n} for every nonzero residue ij,i - j, which holds exactly when a1a - 1 and a+1a + 1 are also relatively prime to n.n.

So nn is possible if and only if some aa satisfies gcd((a1)a(a+1),n)=1.\gcd\big((a - 1)\,a\,(a + 1),\, n\big) = 1. Any three consecutive integers include a multiple of 22 and a multiple of 3,3, so no aa works when gcd(n,6)>1.\gcd(n, 6) \gt 1. Conversely, if gcd(n,6)=1,\gcd(n, 6) = 1, then a=3a = 3 works, since 234=242 \cdot 3 \cdot 4 = 24 has only the prime factors 22 and 3.3.

The valid nn with 1<n<10001 \lt n \lt 1000 are those congruent to ±1(mod6),\pm 1 \pmod 6, namely 6k±16k \pm 1 for 1k166,1 \le k \le 166, and there are 2166=3322 \cdot 166 = 332 of them.