2011 AIME I 第 8 题

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8.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,BC=23BC = 23CA=27CA = 27AB=30AB = 30。点 VVWWAC\overline{AC} 上,且 VVAW\overline{AW} 上;点 XXYYBC\overline{BC} 上,且 XXCY\overline{CY} 上;点 ZZUUAB\overline{AB} 上,且 ZZBU\overline{BU} 上。此外,这些点的位置满足 UVBC\overline{UV} \parallel \overline{BC}WXAB\overline{WX} \parallel \overline{AB},以及 YZCA\overline{YZ} \parallel \overline{CA}。然后沿着 UV\overline{UV}WX\overline{WX}YZ\overline{YZ} 作直角折叠。所得图形放在水平地面上,形成一张有三角形桌腿的桌子。设 hh 为由 ABC\triangle ABC 构造出的、桌面平行于地面的桌子的最大可能高度。那么 hh 可写成 kmn\frac{k\sqrt{m}}{n},其中 kknn 是互质的正整数,且 mm 是不被任何素数平方整除的正整数。求 k+m+nk + m + n

In ABC,\triangle ABC, BC=23,BC = 23, CA=27,CA = 27, and AB=30.AB = 30. Points VV and WW are on AC\overline{AC} with VV on AW,\overline{AW}, points XX and YY are on BC\overline{BC} with XX on CY,\overline{CY}, and points ZZ and UU are on AB\overline{AB} with ZZ on BU.\overline{BU}. In addition, the points are positioned so that UVBC,\overline{UV} \parallel \overline{BC}, WXAB,\overline{WX} \parallel \overline{AB}, and YZCA.\overline{YZ} \parallel \overline{CA}. Right angle folds are then made along UV,\overline{UV}, WX,\overline{WX}, and YZ.\overline{YZ}. The resulting figure is placed on a level floor to make a table with triangular legs. Let hh be the maximum possible height of a table constructed from ABC\triangle ABC whose top is parallel to the floor. Then hh can be written in the form kmn,\frac{k\sqrt{m}}{n}, where kk and nn are relatively prime positive integers and mm is a positive integer that is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find k+m+n.k + m + n.

答案:318
知识点:海伦公式相似最优化
难度评级:3060
解答:

a=BC=23a = BC = 23b=CA=27b = CA = 27c=AB=30c = AB = 30,并设 KKABC\triangle ABC 的面积。由海伦公式,半周长为 4040,所以 K=40171310K = \sqrt{40 \cdot 17 \cdot 13 \cdot 10} =20221= 20\sqrt{221}。当一个顶点处的角被直角折下时,翻片垂下的深度等于该顶点到折线的距离,因此若水平桌面的高度为 hh,每条折线都必须离对应顶点距离为 hh

顶点 AA 处的翻片与 ABC\triangle ABC 相似,相似比为 h2K/a=ha2K\frac{h}{2K/a} = \frac{ha}{2K}(用 hh 除以从 AABC\overline{BC} 的距离),所以它占用了边 AB\overline{AB} 上的 AU=cha2KAU = c \cdot \frac{ha}{2K};同理,顶点 BB 处的翻片在同一边上占用 BZ=chb2KBZ = c \cdot \frac{hb}{2K}。两条折线恰好不相交的条件是 AU+BZcAU + BZ \le c,也就是 h(a+b)2Kh(a + b) \le 2K。另外两条边给出 h(b+c)2Kh(b + c) \le 2Kh(c+a)2Kh(c + a) \le 2K

起决定作用的限制来自最大的和 b+c=57b + c = 57,所以最大高度为 因此 k+m+n=40+221+57k + m + n = 40 + 221 + 57 =318= 318h=2K57=4022157,h = \frac{2K}{57} = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{57},

Write a=BC=23,a = BC = 23, b=CA=27,b = CA = 27, c=AB=30,c = AB = 30, and let KK be the area of ABC.\triangle ABC. By Heron's formula with semiperimeter 40,40, K=40171310K = \sqrt{40 \cdot 17 \cdot 13 \cdot 10} =20221.= 20\sqrt{221}. When the corner at a vertex is folded down at a right angle, the flap hangs to a depth equal to the distance from that vertex to the fold line, so for a level tabletop of height h,h, each fold line must lie at distance hh from its vertex.

The flap at AA is similar to ABC\triangle ABC with ratio h2K/a=ha2K\frac{h}{2K/a} = \frac{ha}{2K} (dividing hh by the distance from AA to BC\overline{BC}), so it uses up AU=cha2KAU = c \cdot \frac{ha}{2K} of side AB;\overline{AB}; likewise the flap at BB uses BZ=chb2KBZ = c \cdot \frac{hb}{2K} of the same side. The two folds fit without crossing exactly when AU+BZc,AU + BZ \le c, that is, h(a+b)2K.h(a + b) \le 2K. The other two sides give h(b+c)2Kh(b + c) \le 2K and h(c+a)2K.h(c + a) \le 2K.

The binding constraint comes from the largest sum, b+c=57,b + c = 57, so the maximum height is h=2K57=4022157,h = \frac{2K}{57} = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{57}, and k+m+n=40+221+57k + m + n = 40 + 221 + 57 =318.= 318.

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