2003 AIME II 第 10 题

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10.

两个正整数相差 6060。 它们的平方根之和等于某个整数的平方根,并且该整数不是完全平方数。求这两个整数之和的最大可能值。

Two positive integers differ by 60.60. The sum of their square roots is the square root of an integer that is not a perfect square. What is the maximum possible sum of the two integers?

答案:156
知识点:丢番图方程平方差完全平方数
难度评级:2650
解答:

设两个整数为 xxx+60x + 60,并假设 x+x+60=y\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 60} = \sqrt{y}。平方得 y=2x+60+2x(x+60)y = 2x + 60 + 2\sqrt{x(x + 60)},所以 x(x+60)x(x + 60) 必须是完全平方数,记为 z2z^2。配方得到 (x+30)2z2=900,(x + 30)^2 - z^2 = 900,(x+30+z)(x+30z)=900.(x + 30 + z)(x + 30 - z) = 900. 这两个因数奇偶性相同,且乘积为偶数,因此它们都为偶数。

因数对 (450,2)(450, 2)(150,6)(150, 6)(90,10)(90, 10)(50,18)(50, 18) 分别给出 x+30=226x + 30 = 226787850503434, 所以 x=196x = 1964848202044。 当 x=196x = 196 时,两个整数为 196196256256 都是完全平方数,所以 y=14+16=30\sqrt{y} = 14 + 16 = 30y=900y = 900 是完全平方数,不符合条件。当 x=48x = 48 时, 两个整数为 4848108108, 且 48+108=43+63\sqrt{48} + \sqrt{108} = 4\sqrt{3} + 6\sqrt{3} =300= \sqrt{300}, 而 300300 不是完全平方数。

因此最大可能和为 48+108=15648 + 108 = 156

Let the integers be xx and x+60,x + 60, and suppose x+x+60=y.\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x + 60} = \sqrt{y}. Squaring, y=2x+60+2x(x+60),y = 2x + 60 + 2\sqrt{x(x + 60)}, so x(x+60)x(x + 60) must be a perfect square, say z2.z^2. Completing the square, (x+30)2z2=900,(x + 30)^2 - z^2 = 900, i.e. (x+30+z)(x+30z)=900.(x + 30 + z)(x + 30 - z) = 900. The two factors have the same parity and their product is even, so both are even.

The factor pairs (450,2),(450, 2), (150,6),(150, 6), (90,10),(90, 10), (50,18)(50, 18) give x+30=226,x + 30 = 226, 78,78, 50,50, 34,34, so x=196,x = 196, 48,48, 20,20, 4.4. For x=196x = 196 the integers are 196196 and 256,256, both perfect squares, so y=14+16=30\sqrt{y} = 14 + 16 = 30 and y=900y = 900 is a perfect square — not allowed. For x=48x = 48 the integers are 4848 and 108,108, with 48+108=43+63\sqrt{48} + \sqrt{108} = 4\sqrt{3} + 6\sqrt{3} =300,= \sqrt{300}, and 300300 is not a perfect square.

The maximum possible sum is therefore 48+108=156.48 + 108 = 156.

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