2003 AIME I 第 11 题

先试着解答 2003 AIME I 第 11 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2003 AIME I 解答,或核对答案

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

11.

从区间 0<x<900^\circ \lt x \lt 90^\circ 中随机选取角 xx。设 ppsin2x\sin^2 xcos2x\cos^2 x, 和 sinxcosx\sin x \cos x 不能作为一个三角形三边长的概率。 已知 p=dnp = \frac{d}{n}, 其中 ddarctanm\arctan m 的度数,且 mmnn 是满足 m+n<1000m + n \lt 1000 的正整数。求 m+nm + n

An angle xx is chosen at random from the interval 0<x<90.0^\circ \lt x \lt 90^\circ. Let pp be the probability that the numbers sin2x,\sin^2 x, cos2x,\cos^2 x, and sinxcosx\sin x \cos x are not the lengths of the sides of a triangle. Given that p=dn,p = \frac{d}{n}, where dd is the number of degrees in arctanm\arctan m and mm and nn are positive integers with m+n<1000,m + n \lt 1000, find m+n.m + n.

答案:92
知识点:几何概率三角不等式三角恒等式
难度评级:2710
解答:

xx 替换为 90x90^\circ - x 会交换 sinx\sin xcosx\cos x, 所以在 (45,90)(45^\circ, 90^\circ) 上的失败概率与在 (0,45)(0^\circ, 45^\circ) 上相同,只需考虑 0<x450^\circ \lt x \le 45^\circ。 在此范围内 cos2xsinxcosxsin2x\cos^2 x \ge \sin x \cos x \ge \sin^2 x, 因此这三个数不能组成三角形当且仅当 cos2xsin2x+sinxcosx.\cos^2 x \ge \sin^2 x + \sin x \cos x.

因为 cos2xsin2x=cos2x\cos^2 x - \sin^2 x = \cos 2x,且 sinxcosx=12sin2x\sin x \cos x = \frac{1}{2}\sin 2x, 这等价于 cos2x12sin2x\cos 2x \ge \frac{1}{2} \sin 2x, 即 tan2x2\tan 2x \le 2。 由于正切函数在该范围内递增, 这恰好在 x12arctan2x \le \frac{1}{2}\arctan 2 时发生。

因此 所以 m=2m = 2n=90n = 90, 且 m+n=92<1000m + n = 92 \lt 1000, 答案为 9292p=12arctan245=arctan290,p = \frac{\frac{1}{2}\arctan 2}{45^\circ} = \frac{\arctan 2}{90^\circ},

Replacing xx by 90x90^\circ - x swaps sinx\sin x and cosx,\cos x, so the failure probability on (45,90)(45^\circ, 90^\circ) matches that on (0,45),(0^\circ, 45^\circ), and it suffices to consider 0<x45.0^\circ \lt x \le 45^\circ. There cos2xsinxcosxsin2x,\cos^2 x \ge \sin x \cos x \ge \sin^2 x, so the three numbers fail to form a triangle exactly when cos2xsin2x+sinxcosx.\cos^2 x \ge \sin^2 x + \sin x \cos x.

Since cos2xsin2x=cos2x\cos^2 x - \sin^2 x = \cos 2x and sinxcosx=12sin2x,\sin x \cos x = \frac{1}{2}\sin 2x, this says cos2x12sin2x,\cos 2x \ge \frac{1}{2} \sin 2x, i.e. tan2x2.\tan 2x \le 2. Because tangent increases on this range, that happens exactly for x12arctan2.x \le \frac{1}{2}\arctan 2.

Therefore p=12arctan245=arctan290,p = \frac{\frac{1}{2}\arctan 2}{45^\circ} = \frac{\arctan 2}{90^\circ}, so m=2m = 2 and n=90,n = 90, with m+n=92<1000,m + n = 92 \lt 1000, and the answer is 92.92.

← 第 10 题#10
完整试卷

其他年份的第 11 题