2001 AIME II 第 5 题

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5.

一组正数若有三个不同元素可以作为某个面积为正的三角形的边长,则称它具有三角形性质。 考虑由连续正整数组成的集合 {4,5,6,,n}\{4, 5, 6, \ldots, n\},并且它的每个十元素子集都具有三角形性质。 求 nn 的最大可能值。

A set of positive numbers has the triangle property if it has three distinct elements that are the lengths of the sides of a triangle whose area is positive. Consider sets {4,5,6,,n}\{4, 5, 6, \ldots, n\} of consecutive positive integers, all of whose ten-element subsets have the triangle property. What is the largest possible value of n?n?

答案:253
知识点:三角不等式斐波那契数列极端原理
难度评级:2390
解答:

设某个十元素集合 {a1<a2<<a10}\{a_1 \lt a_2 \lt \cdots \lt a_{10}\} 没有三角形。那么任意三个元素都不满足严格三角不等式;特别地,对每个 ii,都有 ai+2ai+1+aia_{i+2} \ge a_{i+1} + a_i。从 a14a_1 \ge 4a25a_2 \ge 5 出发,依次迫使 a39a_3 \ge 9a414a_4 \ge 14a523a_5 \ge 23a637a_6 \ge 37a760a_7 \ge 60a897a_8 \ge 97a9157a_9 \ge 157,且 a10254a_{10} \ge 254

因此若 n253n \le 253{4,5,,n}\{4, 5, \ldots, n\} 的任何十元素子集都无法避开三角形, 因为它的最大元素至少要达到 254254。反过来,取每一步都等号成立, {4,5,9,14,23\{4, 5, 9, 14, 2337,60,97,157,254}37, 60, 97, 157, 254\}{4,5,,254}\{4, 5, \ldots, 254\} 中一个没有三角形的子集。

所以最大可能值为 n=253n = 253

Suppose a ten-element set {a1<a2<<a10}\{a_1 \lt a_2 \lt \cdots \lt a_{10}\} has no triangle. Then every three elements fail the strict triangle inequality; in particular ai+2ai+1+aia_{i+2} \ge a_{i+1} + a_i for each i.i. Starting from a14a_1 \ge 4 and a25,a_2 \ge 5, this forces a39,a_3 \ge 9, a414,a_4 \ge 14, a523,a_5 \ge 23, a637,a_6 \ge 37, a760,a_7 \ge 60, a897,a_8 \ge 97, a9157,a_9 \ge 157, and a10254.a_{10} \ge 254.

So if n253,n \le 253, no ten-element subset of {4,5,,n}\{4, 5, \ldots, n\} can avoid triangles, since its largest element would have to be at least 254.254. Conversely, taking equality throughout, the subset {4,5,9,14,23,\{4, 5, 9, 14, 23, 37,60,97,157,254}37, 60, 97, 157, 254\} of {4,5,,254}\{4, 5, \ldots, 254\} has no triangle.

Therefore the largest possible value is n=253.n = 253.

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