2001 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

在一个有 55NN 列的长方形点阵中,点从最上面一行开始,按从左到右的顺序逐行连续编号。因此最上面一行编号为 11NN,第二行编号为 N+1N + 12N2N,依此类推。选取五个点 P1P_1P2P_2P3P_3P4P_4P5P_5,使得每个 PiP_i 位于第 ii 行。令 xix_i 为点 PiP_i 对应的编号。现在改为从第一列开始,按从上到下的顺序逐列连续编号。令 yiy_i 为重新编号后点 PiP_i 对应的编号。

已知 x1=y2x_1 = y_2x2=y1x_2 = y_1x3=y4x_3 = y_4x4=y5x_4 = y_5x5=y3x_5 = y_3NN 的最小可能值。

In a rectangular array of points, with 55 rows and NN columns, the points are numbered consecutively from left to right beginning with the top row. Thus the top row is numbered 11 through N,N, the second row is numbered N+1N + 1 through 2N,2N, and so forth. Five points, P1,P_1, P2,P_2, P3,P_3, P4,P_4, and P5,P_5, are selected so that each PiP_i is in row i.i. Let xix_i be the number associated with Pi.P_i. Now renumber the array consecutively from top to bottom, beginning with the first column. Let yiy_i be the number associated with PiP_i after renumbering.

It is found that x1=y2,x_1 = y_2, x2=y1,x_2 = y_1, x3=y4,x_3 = y_4, x4=y5,x_4 = y_5, and x5=y3.x_5 = y_3. Find the smallest possible value of N.N.

答案:149
知识点:方程组模运算
难度评级:2990
解答:

PiP_i 位于第 cic_i 列。则 xi=(i1)N+cix_i = (i-1)N + c_i,且 yi=5(ci1)+iy_i = 5(c_i - 1) + i。五个条件变为 c1=5c23,N+c2=5c14,2N+c3=5c41, \begin{aligned} c_1 &= 5c_2 - 3, \\ N + c_2 &= 5c_1 - 4, \\ 2N + c_3 &= 5c_4 - 1, \end{aligned} 3N+c4=5c5,4N+c5=5c32. \begin{aligned} 3N + c_4 &= 5c_5, \\ 4N + c_5 &= 5c_3 - 2. \end{aligned}

c1=5c23c_1 = 5c_2 - 3 代入第二个方程,得 N=24c219N = 24c_2 - 19。从后三个方程消去 c3c_3c4c_4,得到 124c5=89N+7124 c_5 = 89N + 7。再代入 N=24c219N = 24c_2 - 19 并化简,即 31534c242131 \mid 534 c_2 - 421,也就是 7c218(mod31)7 c_2 \equiv 18 \pmod{31}。其最小正整数解为 c2=7c_2 = 7

于是 N=24719=149N = 24 \cdot 7 - 19 = 149。回代可得有效列号 (c1,,c5)=(c_1, \ldots, c_5)= 都不超过 149149。所以 NN 的最小可能值为 149149(32,7,141,88,107)(32, 7, 141, 88, 107)(x1,y2)=(32,32)(x_1,y_2)=(32,32)(x2,y1)=(156,156)(x_2,y_1)=(156,156)(x3,y4)=(439,439)(x_3,y_4)=(439,439)(x4,y5)=(535,535)(x_4,y_5)=(535,535)(x5,y3)=(703,703)(x_5,y_3)=(703,703)

Let PiP_i sit in column ci.c_i. Then xi=(i1)N+cix_i = (i-1)N + c_i and yi=5(ci1)+i.y_i = 5(c_i - 1) + i. The five conditions become c1=5c23,N+c2=5c14,2N+c3=5c41, \begin{aligned} c_1 &= 5c_2 - 3, \\ N + c_2 &= 5c_1 - 4, \\ 2N + c_3 &= 5c_4 - 1, \end{aligned} 3N+c4=5c5,4N+c5=5c32. \begin{aligned} 3N + c_4 &= 5c_5, \\ 4N + c_5 &= 5c_3 - 2. \end{aligned}

Substituting c1=5c23c_1 = 5c_2 - 3 into the second equation gives N=24c219.N = 24c_2 - 19. Eliminating c3c_3 and c4c_4 from the last three equations yields 124c5=89N+7.124 c_5 = 89N + 7. Substituting N=24c219N = 24c_2 - 19 and reducing, 31534c2421,31 \mid 534 c_2 - 421, i.e. 7c218(mod31),7 c_2 \equiv 18 \pmod{31}, whose smallest positive solution is c2=7.c_2 = 7.

Then N=24719=149,N = 24 \cdot 7 - 19 = 149, and back-substituting gives valid columns (c1,,c5)=(c_1, \ldots, c_5)= (32,7,141,88,107),(32, 7, 141, 88, 107), all at most 149.149. Indeed the corresponding pairs are (x1,y2)=(32,32),(x_1,y_2)=(32,32), (x2,y1)=(156,156),(x_2,y_1)=(156,156), (x3,y4)=(439,439),(x_3,y_4)=(439,439), (x4,y5)=(535,535),(x_4,y_5)=(535,535), and (x5,y3)=(703,703).(x_5,y_3)=(703,703). So the smallest possible NN is 149.149.

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