2000 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

每个正整数 kk 都有唯一的阶乘进制展开 (f1,f2,f3,,fm)(f_1, f_2, f_3, \ldots, f_m),意思是 k=1!f1+2!f2k = 1! \cdot f_1 + 2! \cdot f_2 +3!f3++m!fm+ 3! \cdot f_3 + \cdots + m! \cdot f_m,其中每个 fif_i 都是整数,且 0fii0 \le f_i \le i0<fm0 \lt f_m。已知 (f1,f2,f3,,fj)(f_1, f_2, f_3, \ldots, f_j) 是 的阶乘进制展开。求 f1f2+f3f_1 - f_2 + f_3 f4++(1)j+1fj- f_4 + \cdots + (-1)^{j+1} f_j 的值。 16!32!+48!64!++1968!1984!+2000!, \begin{aligned} &16! - 32! + 48! \\ &\quad {}- 64! + \cdots + 1968! \\ &\quad {}- 1984! + 2000!, \end{aligned}

Every positive integer kk has a unique factorial base expansion (f1,f2,f3,,fm),(f_1, f_2, f_3, \ldots, f_m), meaning that k=1!f1+2!f2k = 1! \cdot f_1 + 2! \cdot f_2 +3!f3++m!fm,+ 3! \cdot f_3 + \cdots + m! \cdot f_m, where each fif_i is an integer, 0fii,0 \le f_i \le i, and 0<fm.0 \lt f_m. Given that (f1,f2,f3,,fj)(f_1, f_2, f_3, \ldots, f_j) is the factorial base expansion of 16!32!+48!64!++1968!1984!+2000!, \begin{aligned} &16! - 32! + 48! \\ &\quad {}- 64! + \cdots + 1968! \\ &\quad {}- 1984! + 2000!, \end{aligned} find the value of f1f2+f3f_1 - f_2 + f_3 f4++(1)j+1fj.- f_4 + \cdots + (-1)^{j+1} f_j.

答案:495
知识点:进制阶乘裂项相消
难度评级:3060
解答:

因为 (i+1)!i!=ii!(i+1)! - i! = i \cdot i!,望远镜求和给出 a!b!=i=ba1ii!a! - b! = \sum_{i=b}^{a-1} i \cdot i!,其中 a>ba \gt b。把题中的数分组为 其中有 6262 个括号内的组 (32j+16)!(32j)!(32j + 16)! - (32j)!j=1,,62j = 1, \ldots, 6216!+(48!32!)+(80!64!)++(2000!1984!), \begin{aligned} &16! + (48! - 32!) + (80! - 64!) \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + (2000! - 1984!), \end{aligned}

jj 组贡献阶乘进制数字 fi=if_i = i,范围为 32ji32j+1532j \le i \le 32j + 15; 单独的 16!16! 贡献 f16=1f_{16} = 1;其他所有数字都是 00。每个数字都满足 0fii0 \le f_i \le i,所以由唯一性,这就是阶乘进制展开。

在交错和中,f16=1f_{16} = 1 位于偶数下标,贡献 1-1。每组的范围从偶数下标开始,长度为 1616 可分成 88 对连续下标,每对贡献 i+(i+1)=1-i + (i + 1) = 1,所以每组贡献 +8+8。 总和为 6281=49562 \cdot 8 - 1 = 495

Since (i+1)!i!=ii!,(i+1)! - i! = i \cdot i!, telescoping gives a!b!=i=ba1ii!a! - b! = \sum_{i=b}^{a-1} i \cdot i! for a>b.a \gt b. Group the given number as 16!+(48!32!)+(80!64!)++(2000!1984!), \begin{aligned} &16! + (48! - 32!) + (80! - 64!) \\ &\quad {}+ \cdots + (2000! - 1984!), \end{aligned} with 6262 parenthesized groups (32j+16)!(32j)!(32j + 16)! - (32j)! for j=1,,62.j = 1, \ldots, 62.

The group for jj contributes factorial-base digits fi=if_i = i for 32ji32j+15,32j \le i \le 32j + 15, and the lone 16!16! contributes f16=1;f_{16} = 1; all other digits are 0.0. Every digit satisfies 0fii,0 \le f_i \le i, so by uniqueness this is the factorial base expansion.

In the alternating sum, f16=1f_{16} = 1 sits at an even index and contributes 1.-1. Each group's range starts at an even index and has length 16,16, so it splits into 88 consecutive pairs, each contributing i+(i+1)=1,-i + (i + 1) = 1, for +8+8 per group. The total is 6281=495.62 \cdot 8 - 1 = 495.

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