2000 AIME II 第 11 题

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11.

等腰梯形 ABCDABCD 的各顶点坐标都是整数,其中 A=(20,100)A = (20, 100)D=(21,107)D = (21, 107)。该梯形没有水平边或竖直边,且 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD} 是唯一一组平行边。所有可能的 AB\overline{AB} 斜率的绝对值之和为 m/nm/n,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

The coordinates of the vertices of isosceles trapezoid ABCDABCD are all integers, with A=(20,100)A = (20, 100) and D=(21,107).D = (21, 107). The trapezoid has no horizontal or vertical sides, and AB\overline{AB} and CD\overline{CD} are the only parallel sides. The sum of the absolute values of all possible slopes for AB\overline{AB} is m/n,m/n, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:131
知识点:梯形格点斜率分类讨论
难度评级:2990
解答:

因为所有顶点都是格点,w=BCw = \overrightarrow{BC} 是整数向量,且 w=AD=50|w| = |\overrightarrow{AD}| = \sqrt{50}。所以 ww(±1,±7)(\pm 1, \pm 7)(±7,±1)(\pm 7, \pm 1)(±5,±5)(\pm 5, \pm 5) 之一。写 AD=(1,7)=su^+hv^\overrightarrow{AD} = (1, 7) = s\,\hat{u} + h\,\hat{v},其中 u^\hat{u} 沿 AB\overline{AB} 方向,v^\hat{v} 与其垂直。由于 ABCD\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD},向量 ww 的垂直分量同为 hh;又因两腰等长,它在 u^\hat{u} 方向的分量必须为 s-s(取 +s+s 会得到平行四边形)。因此 (1,7)w=2su^(1, 7) - w = 2s\,\hat{u} 平行于 AB\overline{AB}

去掉 w=(1,7)w = (1, 7)(平行四边形)和 w=(1,7)w = (-1, -7)(此时 h=0h = 0,退化)。选择 w=(1,7)w = (1, -7)w=(1,7)w = (-1, 7) 会使 (1,7)w(1, 7) - w 竖直或水平,也不允许。其余八种选择使 (1,7)w(1, 7) - w 分别为 (6,6)(-6, 6)(6,8)(-6, 8)(8,6)(8, 6)(8,8)(8, 8)(4,2)(-4, 2)(4,12)(-4, 12)(6,2)(6, 2)(6,12)(6, 12),对应斜率为 1-143-\frac{4}{3}34\frac{3}{4}1112-\frac{1}{2}3-313\frac{1}{3}22。每种都可通过把 BB 沿 u^\hat{u} 方向放在足够远的位置来实现。

这些绝对值之和为 1+43+34+1+121 + \frac{4}{3} + \frac{3}{4} + 1 + \frac{1}{2} +3+13+2=11912+ 3 + \frac{1}{3} + 2 = \frac{119}{12},所以 m+n=119+12=131m + n = 119 + 12 = 131

Since all vertices are lattice points, w=BCw = \overrightarrow{BC} is an integer vector with w=AD=50,|w| = |\overrightarrow{AD}| = \sqrt{50}, so ww is one of (±1,±7),(\pm 1, \pm 7), (±7,±1),(\pm 7, \pm 1), (±5,±5).(\pm 5, \pm 5). Write AD=(1,7)=su^+hv^\overrightarrow{AD} = (1, 7) = s\,\hat{u} + h\,\hat{v} where u^\hat{u} points along AB\overline{AB} and v^\hat{v} is perpendicular. Because ABCD,\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD}, the vector ww has the same perpendicular component h,h, and the equal leg lengths force its u^\hat{u}-component to be s-s (the value +s+s gives a parallelogram). Hence (1,7)w=2su^(1, 7) - w = 2s\,\hat{u} is parallel to AB.\overline{AB}.

Discard w=(1,7)w = (1, 7) (parallelogram) and w=(1,7)w = (-1, -7) (then h=0,h = 0, degenerate). The choices w=(1,7)w = (1, -7) and w=(1,7)w = (-1, 7) make (1,7)w(1, 7) - w vertical or horizontal, which is forbidden. The remaining eight choices give (1,7)w(1, 7) - w equal to (6,6),(-6, 6), (6,8),(-6, 8), (8,6),(8, 6), (8,8),(8, 8), (4,2),(-4, 2), (4,12),(-4, 12), (6,2),(6, 2), (6,12),(6, 12), with slopes 1,-1, 43,-\frac{4}{3}, 34,\frac{3}{4}, 1,1, 12,-\frac{1}{2}, 3,-3, 13,\frac{1}{3}, 2;2; each is realizable by placing BB suitably far along u^.\hat{u}.

The sum of the absolute values is 1+43+34+1+121 + \frac{4}{3} + \frac{3}{4} + 1 + \frac{1}{2} +3+13+2=11912,+ 3 + \frac{1}{3} + 2 = \frac{119}{12}, so m+n=119+12=131.m + n = 119 + 12 = 131.

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