1997 AIME 第 14 题

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14.

vvww 为方程 z19971=0z^{1997} - 1 = 0 的两个不同的随机选取的根。设 mn\frac{m}{n} 为满足 2+3v+w\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} \le |v + w| 的概率,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let vv and ww be distinct, randomly chosen roots of the equation z19971=0.z^{1997} - 1 = 0. Let mn\frac{m}{n} be the probability that 2+3v+w,\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} \le |v + w|, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:582
知识点:单位根三角恒等式基本概率
难度评级:2920
解答:

由旋转对称性,可以固定 vv,令 w=ve2πik/1997w = v e^{2\pi i k/1997},其中 kk{1,2,,1996}\{1, 2, \ldots, 1996\} 中均匀取值。于是 又因为 (2cos15)2=2+2cos30\left(2\cos 15^\circ\right)^2 = 2 + 2\cos 30^\circ =2+3= 2 + \sqrt{3},所以阈值为 2+3=2cosπ12\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} = 2\cos\frac{\pi}{12}v+w=1+e2πik/1997=2cosπk1997. \begin{aligned} |v + w| &= \left|1 + e^{2\pi i k/1997}\right| \\ &= 2\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right|. \end{aligned}

条件 cosπk1997cosπ12\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right| \ge \cos\frac{\pi}{12} 恰好在 πk1997\frac{\pi k}{1997}00π\pi 的距离不超过 π12\frac{\pi}{12} 时成立,即 k199712=166.41k \le \frac{1997}{12} = 166.41\ldotsk11199712=1830.58k \ge \frac{11 \cdot 1997}{12} = 1830.58\ldots。共有 166+166=332166 + 166 = 332 个有利的 kk

概率为 3321996=83499\frac{332}{1996} = \frac{83}{499},且 499499 是素数,所以 m+n=83+499=582m + n = 83 + 499 = 582

By rotational symmetry we may fix vv and let w=ve2πik/1997w = v e^{2\pi i k/1997} with kk uniform in {1,2,,1996}.\{1, 2, \ldots, 1996\}. Then v+w=1+e2πik/1997=2cosπk1997. \begin{aligned} |v + w| &= \left|1 + e^{2\pi i k/1997}\right| \\ &= 2\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right|. \end{aligned} Also (2cos15)2=2+2cos30\left(2\cos 15^\circ\right)^2 = 2 + 2\cos 30^\circ =2+3,= 2 + \sqrt{3}, so the threshold is 2+3=2cosπ12.\sqrt{2 + \sqrt{3}} = 2\cos\frac{\pi}{12}.

The condition cosπk1997cosπ12\left|\cos\frac{\pi k}{1997}\right| \ge \cos\frac{\pi}{12} holds exactly when πk1997\frac{\pi k}{1997} is within π12\frac{\pi}{12} of 00 or of π,\pi, i.e. k199712=166.41k \le \frac{1997}{12} = 166.41\ldots or k11199712=1830.58.k \ge \frac{11 \cdot 1997}{12} = 1830.58\ldots. That gives 166+166=332166 + 166 = 332 favorable values of k.k.

The probability is 3321996=83499,\frac{332}{1996} = \frac{83}{499}, and 499499 is prime, so m+n=83+499=582.m + n = 83 + 499 = 582.

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