1991 AIME 第 12 题

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12.

菱形 PQRSPQRS 内接于矩形 ABCDABCD,使得顶点 PP、QQ、RR、SS 分别是边 AB‾\overline{AB}、BC‾\overline{BC}、CD‾\overline{CD}、DA‾\overline{DA} 上的内点。已知 PB=15PB=15、BQ=20BQ=20、PR=30PR=30、QS=40QS=40。设矩形 ABCDABCD 的周长为最简分数 mn\frac{m}{n}。求 m+nm+n。

Rhombus PQRSPQRS is inscribed in rectangle ABCDABCD so that vertices P,P, Q,Q, R,R, and SS are interior points on sides AB‾,\overline{AB}, BC‾,\overline{BC}, CD‾,\overline{CD}, and DA‾,\overline{DA}, respectively. It is given that PB=15,PB=15, BQ=20,BQ=20, PR=30,PR=30, and QS=40.QS=40. Let mn,\frac{m}{n}, in lowest terms, denote the perimeter of ABCD.ABCD. Find m+n.m+n.

答案:677
知识点:菱形坐标几何向量
难度评级:2350
小提示:

菱形的中心也是矩形的中心,而菱形两条对角线的一半分别长 1515 和 2020。

The center of the rhombus is also the center of the rectangle, and its half-diagonals have lengths 1515 and 2020

大提示:

为 PP 和 QQ 建立坐标;从公共中心指向它们的向量互相垂直。

Use coordinates for PP and QQ; their vectors from the common center are perpendicular

解答:

设矩形的宽为 ww、高为 hh,并取 A=(0,0)A=(0,0)、B=(w,0)B=(w,0)。于是 P=(w−15,0)P=(w-15,0)、Q=(w,20)Q=(w,20)。菱形的两条对角线在矩形中心 O=(w2,h2)O=(\frac{w}{2},\frac{h}{2}) 处互相平分。令 p=OP→=(w2−15,−h2)p=\overrightarrow{OP}=(\frac{w}{2}-15,-\frac{h}{2})。因为 OP=15OP=15、OQ=20OQ=20,且菱形的两条对角线互相垂直,而 PQ→=(15,20)\overrightarrow{PQ}=(15,20),所以 ∣p∣=15,p⋅(15,20)=−225。\begin{aligned}|p|&=15,\\p\mathbin{\cdot}(15,20)&=-225\end{aligned}\text{。}解这两个方程,并注意到因为 h>0h>0,第二个坐标为负,可得 p=(215,−725)p=(\frac{21}{5},-\frac{72}{5})。于是 w=2(15+215)=1925,h=1445。\begin{aligned}w&=2\left(15+\frac{21}{5}\right)=\frac{192}{5},\\h&=\frac{144}{5}\end{aligned}\text{。}周长为 2(w+h)=67252(w+h)=\frac{672}{5},所以 m+n=672+5=677m+n=672+5=677。

Let the rectangle have width ww and height h,h, with A=(0,0)A=(0,0) and B=(w,0).B=(w,0). Then P=(w−15,0)P=(w-15,0) and Q=(w,20).Q=(w,20). The diagonals of the rhombus bisect each other at the rectangle’s center O=(w2,h2).O=(\frac{w}{2},\frac{h}{2}). Put p=OP→=(w2−15,−h2).p=\overrightarrow{OP}=(\frac{w}{2}-15,-\frac{h}{2}). Since OP=15,OP=15, OQ=20,OQ=20, and the rhombus diagonals are perpendicular, while PQ→=(15,20),\overrightarrow{PQ}=(15,20), we have ∣p∣=15,p⋅(15,20)=−225.\begin{aligned}|p|&=15,\\p\mathbin{\cdot}(15,20)&=-225.\end{aligned} Solving these two equations, with the second coordinate negative because h>0,h>0, gives p=(215,−725).p=(\frac{21}{5},-\frac{72}{5}). Hence w=2(15+215)=1925,h=1445.\begin{aligned}w&=2\left(15+\frac{21}{5}\right)=\frac{192}{5},\\h&=\frac{144}{5}.\end{aligned} The perimeter is 2(w+h)=6725,2(w+h)=\frac{672}{5}, so m+n=672+5=677.m+n=672+5=677.

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