2024 AIME II 第 5 题

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5.

ABCDEFABCDEF 是一个凸等边六边形,其中每一对对边都平行。由线段 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD}、和 EF\overline{EF} 所在直线构成的三角形的边长为 200,240200, 240, 和 300300。求这个六边形的边长。

Let ABCDEFABCDEF be a convex equilateral hexagon in which all pairs of opposite sides are parallel. The triangle whose sides are extensions of segments AB,\overline{AB}, CD,\overline{CD}, and EF\overline{EF} has side lengths 200,240,200, 240, and 300.300. Find the side length of the hexagon.

答案:80
知识点:相似平行线
难度评级:2510
解答:

设六边形边长为 ss,由直线 ABABCDCDEFEF 构成的三角形在这三条直线上的边长分别为 PPQQRR。在直线 ABABCDCD 的交点 XX 处被截下的角落三角形,其第三边为 BCBC,而 BCEFBC \parallel EF,所以它的三条边都平行于大三角形的边。因此它与大三角形相似, 相似比为 BCR=sR\frac{BC}{R} = \frac{s}{R},它在直线 ABAB 上的边长为 PsRP \cdot \frac{s}{R}。同理,ABEFAB \cap EF 处的角落包含 FACDFA \parallel CD 会从 PP 边上截下 PsQP \cdot \frac{s}{Q}

因而 PP 边分解为角落小段、ABAB、角落小段: 两边除以 PP,得到 1=s(1P+1Q+1R)1 = s\left(\frac{1}{P} + \frac{1}{Q} + \frac{1}{R}\right), 该式对三边对称。 P=PsR+s+PsQ,P = P \cdot \frac{s}{R} + s + P \cdot \frac{s}{Q},

因此 s=11200+1240+1300=12006+5+4=80s = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{200} + \frac{1}{240} + \frac{1}{300}} = \frac{1200}{6 + 5 + 4} = 80

Let ss be the hexagon's side length, and let the triangle formed by lines AB,AB, CD,CD, EFEF have sides of lengths P,P, Q,Q, RR along those three lines, respectively. The corner triangle cut off at the vertex XX where lines ABAB and CDCD meet has third side BC,BC, and since BCEF,BC \parallel EF, all three of its sides are parallel to sides of the big triangle. So it is similar to the big triangle with ratio BCR=sR,\frac{BC}{R} = \frac{s}{R}, and its side along line ABAB has length PsR.P \cdot \frac{s}{R}. Likewise the corner at ABEFAB \cap EF contains FACDFA \parallel CD and cuts off PsQP \cdot \frac{s}{Q} from the PP-side.

The PP-side therefore decomposes as corner piece, AB,AB, corner piece: P=PsR+s+PsQ,P = P \cdot \frac{s}{R} + s + P \cdot \frac{s}{Q}, and dividing by PP gives 1=s(1P+1Q+1R),1 = s\left(\frac{1}{P} + \frac{1}{Q} + \frac{1}{R}\right), symmetric in the three sides.

Hence s=11200+1240+1300=12006+5+4=80.s = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{200} + \frac{1}{240} + \frac{1}{300}} = \frac{1200}{6 + 5 + 4} = 80.

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