2024 AIME II 真题

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1.

在 Aimeville 的 900900 位居民中,有 195195 人拥有钻戒,367367 人拥有一套高尔夫球杆,562562 人拥有一把园艺铲。此外,这 900900 位居民每人都拥有一袋心形糖果。有 437437 位居民恰好拥有这些物品中的两样,有 234234 位居民恰好拥有这些物品中的三样。求 Aimeville 中拥有全部四样物品的居民人数。

Among the 900900 residents of Aimeville, there are 195195 who own a diamond ring, 367367 who own a set of golf clubs, and 562562 who own a garden spade. In addition, each of the 900900 residents owns a bag of candy hearts. There are 437437 residents who own exactly two of these things, and 234234 residents who own exactly three of these things. Find the number of residents of Aimeville who own all four of these things.

答案:73
知识点:容斥原理韦恩图双重计数
难度评级:2010
小提示:

每位居民都有心形糖果,所以把四种物品的拥有人数相加,再与 900900 比较

Every resident owns the candy hearts, so add all four ownership counts and compare with 900900

大提示:

按拥有的物品逐件计数时,恰好拥有 2233、或 44 样物品的居民会分别被多计 1122、或 33

Counting once per item owned, residents with exactly 2,2, 3,3, or 44 items are counted 1,1, 2,2, or 33 extra times

解答:

将四种物品的拥有人数相加,得到 195+367+562+900=2024195 + 367 + 562 + 900 = 2024 次物品拥有记录,来自 900900 位居民。因为每人都有一袋心形糖果,每位居民至少拥有一件物品;若某位居民恰好拥有 kk 件物品,那么除第一次计数外还会多计 k1k - 1 次。

设有 n4n_4 位居民拥有全部四样物品,则多出的计数总数为 2024900=4371+2342+n43 \begin{aligned} 2024 - 900 &= 437 \cdot 1 + 234 \cdot 2 \\ &\quad {}+ n_4 \cdot 3 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 1124=905+3n41124 = 905 + 3 n_4,得到 n4=2193=73n_4 = \frac{219}{3} = 73

Adding the four ownership counts gives 195+367+562+900=2024195 + 367 + 562 + 900 = 2024 item ownerships among the 900900 residents. Since everyone owns a bag of candy hearts, every resident owns at least one item, and a resident owning exactly kk items is counted k1k - 1 times beyond the first.

If n4n_4 residents own all four things, the extra counts total 2024900=4371+2342+n43, \begin{aligned} 2024 - 900 &= 437 \cdot 1 + 234 \cdot 2 \\ &\quad {}+ n_4 \cdot 3, \end{aligned} so 1124=905+3n4,1124 = 905 + 3 n_4, giving n4=2193=73.n_4 = \frac{219}{3} = 73.

2.

一个正整数列表满足以下性质:

• 列表中各项之和为 3030

• 列表的唯一众数是 99

• 列表的中位数是一个正整数,但它本身不出现在列表中。

求列表中所有项的平方和。

A list of positive integers has the following properties:

• The sum of the items in the list is 30.30.

• The unique mode of the list is 9.9.

• The median of the list is a positive integer that does not appear in the list itself.

Find the sum of the squares of all the items in the list.

答案:236
难度评级:2180
小提示:

奇数长度列表的中位数一定是列表中的一项,所以这个列表有偶数个项。众数 99 至少出现两次

An odd-length list has its median as a member, so the list has evenly many items. The mode 99 appears at least twice.

大提示:

先尝试四项 a,b,9,9a, b, 9, 9,其中 a+b=12a + b = 12:中位数 b+92\frac{b + 9}{2} 必须是整数,所以 bb 是奇数

Try four items a,b,9,9a, b, 9, 9 with a+b=12:a + b = 12: the median b+92\frac{b + 9}{2} must be a whole number, so bb is odd

解答:

中位数是整数且不在列表中,所以列表不能有奇数项(否则中位数会是列表中的一项)。唯一众数 99 至少出现两次。两项 9,99, 9 的和为 1818,不是 3030,所以尝试四项:a<b<9a \lt b \lt 9 以及 9,99, 9,其中 aabb 不同(重复会使众数并列),且 a+b=12a + b = 12。中位数 b+92\frac{b + 9}{2} 必须是整数,所以 bb 为奇数,而 a=12b<ba = 12 - b \lt b 迫使 b>6b \gt 6。因此 b=7b = 7a=5a = 5:列表 5,7,9,95, 7, 9, 9 的中位数为 88,确实没有出现。

更长的列表都不行。若恰有两个 99,六项列表需要另外四个互不相同的值,和为 1212,只能是 {1,2,3,6}\{1, 2, 3, 6\}{1,2,4,5}\{1, 2, 4, 5\},但两者的中位数都是 4.54.5;八项或更多项不可能,因为六个互不相同的正整数之和已经至少为 21>1221 \gt 12。若有三个 99,其余各项之和为 33,每种可能要么使 99 位于中位数,要么使众数并列。四个 99 的和已经超过 3030

平方和为 25+49+81+81=23625 + 49 + 81 + 81 = 236

The median is an integer that is not in the list, so the list cannot have odd length (then the median would be a member). The unique mode 99 appears at least twice. Two items 9,99, 9 sum to 18,18, not 30,30, so try four items a<b<9a \lt b \lt 9 together with 9,9,9, 9, where aa and bb are distinct (a repeat would tie the mode) and a+b=12.a + b = 12. The median b+92\frac{b + 9}{2} must be an integer, so bb is odd, and a=12b<ba = 12 - b \lt b forces b>6.b \gt 6. Thus b=7b = 7 and a=5:a = 5: the list 5,7,9,95, 7, 9, 9 has median 8,8, which indeed does not appear.

No longer list works. With exactly two 99s, six items would need four distinct other values summing to 12,12, namely {1,2,3,6}\{1, 2, 3, 6\} or {1,2,4,5},\{1, 2, 4, 5\}, but both give median 4.5;4.5; eight or more items are impossible because six distinct positive values already sum to at least 21>12.21 \gt 12. With three 99s the remaining items sum to 3,3, and every option either puts 99 at the median or ties the mode. Four 99s already sum to more than 30.30.

The sum of squares is 25+49+81+81=236.25 + 49 + 81 + 81 = 236.

3.

求在一个 2×32 \times 3 方格的每个格子中填入一个数字的方法数,使得从左到右读出的两个数之和为 999999,从上到下读出的三个数之和为 9999。下图是这样的一个例子,因为 8+991=9998 + 991 = 999,且 9+9+81=999 + 9 + 81 = 99

Find the number of ways to place a digit in each cell of a 2×32 \times 3 grid so that the sum of the two numbers formed by reading left to right is 999,999, and the sum of the three numbers formed by reading top to bottom is 99.99. The grid below is an example of such an arrangement because 8+991=9998 + 991 = 999 and 9+9+81=99.9 + 9 + 81 = 99.

答案:45
难度评级:2300
小提示:

在行数之和 999999 中,每一列的两个数字必须恰好相加为 99,且没有任何进位

In the row sum 999,999, each column’s two digits must add to exactly 9,9, with no carrying anywhere

大提示:

若顶行三个数字之和为 SS,则底行三个数字之和为 27S27 - S;列的条件 10S+(27S)=9910S + (27 - S) = 99 会确定 SS

If the top row’s digits sum to S,S, the bottom row’s digits sum to 27S;27 - S; the column condition 10S+(27S)=9910S + (27 - S) = 99 pins down SS

解答:

设顶行数字为 a,b,ca, b, c,底行数字为 d,e,fd, e, f。两个行数相加时,个位数字满足 c+f9(mod10)c + f \equiv 9 \pmod{10},而由于 c+f18c + f \le 18,实际上 c+f=9c + f = 9,且没有进位。在十位和百位重复同样的论证,得到 b+e=9b + e = 9a+d=9a + d = 9

三个列数之和为 10(a+b+c)+(d+e+f)10(a + b + c) + (d + e + f) =99= 99。令 S=a+b+cS = a + b + c,底行数字之和为 27S27 - S,所以 10S+27S=9910S + 27 - S = 99,从而 S=8S = 8

反过来,任意满足 a+b+c=8a + b + c = 8 的数字都会由 d=9ad = 9 - ae=9be = 9 - bf=9cf = 9 - c,确定底行,并且两个条件都成立。非负数字解 a+b+c=8a + b + c = 8 的个数为 (102)=45\binom{10}{2} = 45

Let the top row hold digits a,b,ca, b, c and the bottom row d,e,f.d, e, f. In the sum of the two row numbers, the units digits satisfy c+f9(mod10),c + f \equiv 9 \pmod{10}, and since c+f18c + f \le 18 in fact c+f=9c + f = 9 with no carry. Repeating the argument in the tens and hundreds places gives b+e=9b + e = 9 and a+d=9.a + d = 9.

The three column numbers add to 10(a+b+c)+(d+e+f)10(a + b + c) + (d + e + f) =99.= 99. Writing S=a+b+c,S = a + b + c, the bottom digits sum to 27S,27 - S, so 10S+27S=9910S + 27 - S = 99 and S=8.S = 8.

Conversely, any digits with a+b+c=8a + b + c = 8 determine the bottom row by d=9a,d = 9 - a, e=9b,e = 9 - b, f=9c,f = 9 - c, and both conditions hold. The number of solutions of a+b+c=8a + b + c = 8 in nonnegative digits is (102)=45.\binom{10}{2} = 45.

4.

xxyy、和 zz 为正实数,满足方程组 log2(xyz)=12\log_2\left(\frac{x}{yz}\right) = \frac{1}{2} log2(yxz)=13\log_2\left(\frac{y}{xz}\right) = \frac{1}{3} log2(zxy)=14\log_2\left(\frac{z}{xy}\right) = \frac{1}{4}

log2(x4y3z2)\left|\log_2(x^4 y^3 z^2)\right| 的值为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let x,x, y,y, and zz be positive real numbers that satisfy the following system of equations: log2(xyz)=12\log_2\left(\frac{x}{yz}\right) = \frac{1}{2} log2(yxz)=13\log_2\left(\frac{y}{xz}\right) = \frac{1}{3} log2(zxy)=14\log_2\left(\frac{z}{xy}\right) = \frac{1}{4}

Then the value of log2(x4y3z2)\left|\log_2(x^4 y^3 z^2)\right| is mn\frac{m}{n} where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:33
知识点:对数方程组
难度评级:2150
小提示:

a=log2xa = \log_2 xb=log2yb = \log_2 yc=log2zc = \log_2 z,把方程组转化为三个线性方程

Set a=log2x,a = \log_2 x, b=log2y,b = \log_2 y, c=log2zc = \log_2 z to turn the system into three linear equations

大提示:

将三个方程相加可求出 a+b+ca + b + c,再把它与每个方程结合,逐一求出 aabbcc

Add all three equations to find a+b+c,a + b + c, then combine it with each equation to solve for a,a, b,b, cc one at a time

解答:

a=log2xa = \log_2 xb=log2yb = \log_2 yc=log2zc = \log_2 z。方程变为 abc=12a - b - c = \frac{1}{2}bac=13b - a - c = \frac{1}{3}cab=14c - a - b = \frac{1}{4}。三式相加得 (a+b+c)=1312-(a + b + c) = \frac{13}{12}。因为 abc=2a(a+b+c)a - b - c = 2a - (a + b + c),所以 2a=121312=7122a = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{13}{12} = -\frac{7}{12}\text{,}从而 a=724a = -\frac{7}{24},类似地 b=38b = -\frac{3}{8}c=512c = -\frac{5}{12}

因此 4a+3b+2c=28244a + 3b + 2c = -\frac{28}{24} 2724- \frac{27}{24} 2024=7524- \frac{20}{24} = -\frac{75}{24} =258= -\frac{25}{8},所以 log2(x4y3z2)=258\left|\log_2(x^4 y^3 z^2)\right| = \frac{25}{8},且 m+n=25+8=33m + n = 25 + 8 = 33

Let a=log2x,a = \log_2 x, b=log2y,b = \log_2 y, c=log2z.c = \log_2 z. The equations become abc=12,a - b - c = \frac{1}{2}, bac=13,b - a - c = \frac{1}{3}, cab=14.c - a - b = \frac{1}{4}. Adding all three gives (a+b+c)=1312.-(a + b + c) = \frac{13}{12}. Since abc=2a(a+b+c),a - b - c = 2a - (a + b + c), we get 2a=121312=712,2a = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{13}{12} = -\frac{7}{12}, so a=724,a = -\frac{7}{24}, and similarly b=38b = -\frac{3}{8} and c=512.c = -\frac{5}{12}.

Therefore 4a+3b+2c=28244a + 3b + 2c = -\frac{28}{24} 2724- \frac{27}{24} 2024=7524- \frac{20}{24} = -\frac{75}{24} =258,= -\frac{25}{8}, so log2(x4y3z2)=258\left|\log_2(x^4 y^3 z^2)\right| = \frac{25}{8} and m+n=25+8=33.m + n = 25 + 8 = 33.

5.

ABCDEFABCDEF 是一个凸等边六边形,其中每一对对边都平行。由线段 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD}、和 EF\overline{EF} 所在直线构成的三角形的边长为 200200240240,和 300300。求这个六边形的边长。

Let ABCDEFABCDEF be a convex equilateral hexagon in which all pairs of opposite sides are parallel. The triangle whose sides are extensions of segments AB,\overline{AB}, CD,\overline{CD}, and EF\overline{EF} has side lengths 200,200, 240,240, and 300.300. Find the side length of the hexagon.

答案:80
知识点:相似平行线
难度评级:2510
小提示:

六边形与大三角形之间的每个角落三角形,其三条边都分别平行于大三角形的边,所以它与大三角形相似

Each corner triangle between the hexagon and the big triangle has all three sides parallel to the big triangle’s sides, so it is similar to the big triangle

大提示:

将包含 AB\overline{AB} 的那条边写成 ss 加上两个角落小段,会得到 s200+s240+s300=1\frac{s}{200} + \frac{s}{240} + \frac{s}{300} = 1

Writing the side containing AB\overline{AB} as ss plus two corner pieces leads to s200+s240+s300=1\frac{s}{200} + \frac{s}{240} + \frac{s}{300} = 1

解答:

设六边形边长为 ss,由直线 ABABCDCDEFEF 构成的三角形在这三条直线上的边长分别为 PPQQRR。在直线 ABABCDCD 的交点 XX 处被截下的角落三角形,其第三边为 BCBC,而 BCEFBC \parallel EF,所以它的三条边都平行于大三角形的边。因此它与大三角形相似,相似比为 BCR=sR\frac{BC}{R} = \frac{s}{R},它在直线 ABAB 上的边长为 PsRP \cdot \frac{s}{R}。同理,ABEFAB \cap EF 处的角落包含 FACDFA \parallel CD 会从 PP 边上截下 PsQP \cdot \frac{s}{Q}

因而 PP 边分解为角落小段、ABAB、角落小段:P=PsR+s+PsQP = P \cdot \frac{s}{R} + s + P \cdot \frac{s}{Q}\text{。}两边除以 PP,得到 1=s(1P+1Q+1R)1 = s\left(\frac{1}{P} + \frac{1}{Q} + \frac{1}{R}\right),该式对三边对称。

因此 s=11200+1240+1300=12006+5+4=80s = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{200} + \frac{1}{240} + \frac{1}{300}} = \frac{1200}{6 + 5 + 4} = 80

Let ss be the hexagon’s side length, and let the triangle formed by lines AB,AB, CD,CD, EFEF have sides of lengths P,P, Q,Q, RR along those three lines, respectively. The corner triangle cut off at the vertex XX where lines ABAB and CDCD meet has third side BC,BC, and since BCEF,BC \parallel EF, all three of its sides are parallel to sides of the big triangle. So it is similar to the big triangle with ratio BCR=sR,\frac{BC}{R} = \frac{s}{R}, and its side along line ABAB has length PsR.P \cdot \frac{s}{R}. Likewise the corner at ABEFAB \cap EF contains FACDFA \parallel CD and cuts off PsQP \cdot \frac{s}{Q} from the PP-side.

The PP-side therefore decomposes as corner piece, AB,AB, corner piece: P=PsR+s+PsQ,P = P \cdot \frac{s}{R} + s + P \cdot \frac{s}{Q}, and dividing by PP gives 1=s(1P+1Q+1R),1 = s\left(\frac{1}{P} + \frac{1}{Q} + \frac{1}{R}\right), symmetric in the three sides.

Hence s=11200+1240+1300=12006+5+4=80.s = \frac{1}{\frac{1}{200} + \frac{1}{240} + \frac{1}{300}} = \frac{1200}{6 + 5 + 4} = 80.

6.

Alice 选择一个由正整数组成的集合 AA。然后 Bob 列出所有有限非空正整数集合 BB,这些集合满足 BB 的最大元素属于 AA。Bob 的列表中有 20242024 个集合。求 AA 中元素之和。

Alice chooses a set AA of positive integers. Then Bob lists all finite nonempty sets BB of positive integers with the property that the maximum element of BB belongs to A.A. Bob’s list has 20242024 sets. Find the sum of the elements of A.A.

答案:55
难度评级:2390
小提示:

按 Bob 所列集合的最大元素分类:若最大元素为 aa,其余元素可以是 {1,,a1}\{1, \ldots, a - 1\} 的任意子集

Group Bob’s sets by their maximum: if the maximum is a,a, the rest of the set is any subset of {1,,a1}\{1, \ldots, a - 1\}

大提示:

因此列表中有 aA2a1\sum_{a \in A} 2^{a-1} 个集合;这种表示唯一,所以把 20242024 写成 22 进制

So the list has aA2a1\sum_{a \in A} 2^{a-1} sets; binary representations are unique, so write 20242024 in base 22

解答:

对固定的 aAa \in A,最大元素为 aa 的集合 BBaa 连同 {1,,a1}\{1, \ldots, a - 1\} 的一个任意子集组成,所以共有 2a12^{a-1} 个。Bob 列表中的每个集合都会按其最大元素被恰好计数一次。因此 aA2a1=2024\sum_{a \in A} 2^{a-1} = 2024\text{。}

因为 2024=210+29+28+272024 = 2^{10} + 2^9 + 2^8 + 2^7 +26+25+23+ 2^6 + 2^5 + 2^3,且这种表示唯一,所以 A={11,10,9,8,7,6,4}A = \{11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4\}AA 中元素之和为 11+10+9+8+7+611 + 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 +4=55+ 4 = 55

For a fixed aA,a \in A, the sets BB with maximum element aa consist of aa together with an arbitrary subset of {1,,a1},\{1, \ldots, a - 1\}, so there are 2a12^{a-1} of them, and every set on Bob’s list is counted exactly once by its maximum. Hence aA2a1=2024.\sum_{a \in A} 2^{a-1} = 2024.

Since 2024=210+29+28+272024 = 2^{10} + 2^9 + 2^8 + 2^7 +26+25+23+ 2^6 + 2^5 + 2^3 and binary representations are unique, A={11,10,9,8,7,6,4}.A = \{11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4\}. The sum of the elements of AA is 11+10+9+8+7+611 + 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 +4=55.+ 4 = 55.

7.

NN 是满足如下性质的最大四位整数:每当把它的某一位数字改为 11 时,所得数都能被 77 整除。设 NN 除以 10001000 时的商和余数分别为 QQRR。求 Q+RQ + R

Let NN be the greatest four-digit integer with the property that whenever one of its digits is changed to 1,1, the resulting number is divisible by 7.7. Let QQ and RR be the quotient and remainder, respectively, when NN is divided by 1000.1000. Find Q+R.Q + R.

答案:699
难度评级:2650
小提示:

把某一位数字改成 11 会减去 (数字1)(\text{数字} - 1) 乘以一个 1010 的幂;若数字为 a,b,c,da, b, c, d,则 N6(a1)N \equiv 6(a-1) 2(b1)\equiv 2(b-1) 3(c1)\equiv 3(c-1) d1(mod7)\equiv d - 1 \pmod 7

Changing a digit to 11 subtracts (digit1)(\text{digit} - 1) times a power of 10,10, so N6(a1)N \equiv 6(a-1) 2(b1)\equiv 2(b-1) 3(c1)\equiv 3(c-1) d1(mod7)\equiv d - 1 \pmod 7 for digits a,b,c,da, b, c, d

大提示:

k=Nmod7k = N \bmod 7:此时每一位数字都由模 77 的条件确定,而 NN 与自身数字的一致性会迫使 kk 只有一个可能值

Let k=Nmod7:k = N \bmod 7: each digit is then determined mod 7,7, and consistency of NN with its own digits forces a single value of kk

解答:

NN 的数字为 a,b,c,da, b, c, d。把千位数字改成 11 得到 N(a1)1000N - (a - 1) \cdot 1000,所以 N1000(a1)(mod7)N \equiv 1000(a-1) \pmod 7,其他数位同理。由于 100061000 \equiv 61002100 \equiv 2、且 103(mod7)10 \equiv 3 \pmod 7N6(a1)2(b1)3(c1)d1(mod7) \begin{aligned} N &\equiv 6(a-1) \\ &\equiv 2(b-1) \equiv 3(c-1) \\ &\equiv d - 1 \pmod 7 \end{aligned}\text{。}

k=Nmod7k = N \bmod 7。利用 616 \equiv -1 以及逆元 2142^{-1} \equiv 43153^{-1} \equiv 5,各位数字满足 a1ka \equiv 1 - kb1+4kb \equiv 1 + 4kc1+5kc \equiv 1 + 5kd1+k(mod7)d \equiv 1 + k \pmod 7。但同时 kNk \equiv N 6a+2b+3c+d(mod7)\equiv 6a + 2b + 3c + d \pmod 7;代入得到 k12+18k5+4kk \equiv 12 + 18k \equiv 5 + 4k,所以 3k23k \equiv 2,即 k3(mod7)k \equiv 3 \pmod 7

于是 a5a \equiv 5b6b \equiv 6c2c \equiv 2d4(mod7)d \equiv 4 \pmod 7。在每个同余类中取最大数字,得到 a=5a = 5(同余类 {5,12,}\{5, 12, \ldots\} 中没有更大的数字)、b=6b = 6c=9c = 9d=4d = 4,所以 N=5694N = 5694。确实 1694,5194,5614,56911694, 5194, 5614, 5691 都是 77 的倍数。最后 Q=5Q = 5R=694R = 694,所以 Q+R=699Q + R = 699

Write NN with digits a,b,c,d.a, b, c, d. Changing the thousands digit to 11 produces N(a1)1000,N - (a - 1) \cdot 1000, so N1000(a1)(mod7),N \equiv 1000(a-1) \pmod 7, and similarly for the other digits. Since 10006,1000 \equiv 6, 1002,100 \equiv 2, and 103(mod7),10 \equiv 3 \pmod 7, N6(a1)2(b1)3(c1)d1(mod7). \begin{aligned} N &\equiv 6(a-1) \\ &\equiv 2(b-1) \equiv 3(c-1) \\ &\equiv d - 1 \pmod 7. \end{aligned}

Let k=Nmod7.k = N \bmod 7. Using 616 \equiv -1 and the inverses 214,2^{-1} \equiv 4, 315,3^{-1} \equiv 5, the digits satisfy a1k,a \equiv 1 - k, b1+4k,b \equiv 1 + 4k, c1+5k,c \equiv 1 + 5k, d1+k(mod7).d \equiv 1 + k \pmod 7. But also kNk \equiv N 6a+2b+3c+d(mod7);\equiv 6a + 2b + 3c + d \pmod 7; substituting gives k12+18k5+4k,k \equiv 12 + 18k \equiv 5 + 4k, so 3k23k \equiv 2 and k3(mod7).k \equiv 3 \pmod 7.

Then a5,a \equiv 5, b6,b \equiv 6, c2,c \equiv 2, d4(mod7),d \equiv 4 \pmod 7, and taking the largest digit in each class gives a=5a = 5 (the class {5,12,}\{5, 12, \ldots\} has no larger digit), b=6,b = 6, c=9,c = 9, d=4:d = 4: N=5694.N = 5694. Indeed 1694,5194,5614,56911694, 5194, 5614, 5691 are all multiples of 7.7. Finally Q=5,Q = 5, R=694,R = 694, and Q+R=699.Q + R = 699.

8.

环面 TT 是由一个半径为 33 的圆绕一条轴旋转得到的曲面,这条轴在该圆所在平面内,并且到圆心的距离为 66(形状像甜甜圈)。

SS 是半径为 1111 的球。当 TT 靠在 SS 的内部时,它沿半径为 rir_i 的圆与 SS 内切;当 TT 靠在 SS 的外部时,它沿半径为 ror_o 的圆与 SS 外切。差 riror_i - r_o 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Torus TT is the surface produced by revolving a circle with radius 33 around an axis in the plane of the circle that is a distance 66 from the center of the circle (so like a donut).

Let SS be a sphere with a radius 11.11. When TT rests on the inside of S,S, it is internally tangent to SS along a circle with radius ri,r_i, and when TT rests on the outside of S,S, it is externally tangent to SS along a circle with radius ro.r_o. The difference riror_i - r_o can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:127
难度评级:2650
小提示:

用经过旋转轴的平面截取:管道截面是半径 33 的圆,其圆心到轴的距离为 66,球心位于轴上

Slice with a plane through the axis: the tube is a circle of radius 33 centered 66 from the axis, and the sphere’s center lies on the axis

大提示:

相切使管道截面圆心到球心的距离为 11311 - 311+311 + 3;将管道截面圆心到轴的距离按 118\frac{11}{8}1114\frac{11}{14} 缩放

Tangency puts the tube’s center at distance 11311 - 3 or 11+311 + 3 from the sphere’s center; scale the tube center’s distance from the axis by 118\frac{11}{8} or 1114\frac{11}{14}

解答:

由对称性,环面的旋转轴经过球心 OO。在经过旋转轴的平面中观察:环面显示为一个半径为 33 的圆(管道截面),其圆心到轴的距离为 66,球显示为以 OO 为圆心、半径为 1111 的圆。两个曲面沿截面相切点旋转出的圆相切;该相切点位于从 OO 经过管道截面圆心的射线上。内切时,管道截面圆心到 OO 的距离为 113=811 - 3 = 8;外切时为 11+3=1411 + 3 = 14

相切点在这条射线上且到 OO 的距离为 1111,所以它是管道截面圆心相对于 OO118\frac{11}{8}(或 1114\frac{11}{14})缩放得到的点;它到轴的距离也是管道截面圆心到轴距离 66 的同一倍数:ri=1186=334r_i = \frac{11}{8} \cdot 6 = \frac{33}{4}\text{,}ro=11146=337r_o = \frac{11}{14} \cdot 6 = \frac{33}{7}\text{。}

因此 riro=33328=9928r_i - r_o = \frac{33 \cdot 3}{28} = \frac{99}{28},已经是最简分数,所以 m+n=99+28=127m + n = 99 + 28 = 127

By symmetry the axis of the torus passes through the center OO of the sphere. Work in a plane through the axis: there the torus appears as a circle of radius 33 (the tube) whose center sits at distance 66 from the axis, and the sphere appears as a circle of radius 1111 centered at O.O. The two surfaces are tangent along the circle swept by the tangency point of these cross-sections, which lies on the ray from OO through the tube’s center. For internal tangency the tube’s center is at distance 113=811 - 3 = 8 from O;O; for external tangency, 11+3=14.11 + 3 = 14.

The tangency point lies at distance 1111 from OO along that ray, so it is the tube center scaled by 118\frac{11}{8} (resp. 1114\frac{11}{14}) from O,O, and its distance from the axis is the same multiple of the tube center’s distance 6:6: ri=1186=334,r_i = \frac{11}{8} \cdot 6 = \frac{33}{4}, ro=11146=337.r_o = \frac{11}{14} \cdot 6 = \frac{33}{7}.

Then riro=33328=9928,r_i - r_o = \frac{33 \cdot 3}{28} = \frac{99}{28}, which is in lowest terms, so m+n=99+28=127.m + n = 99 + 28 = 127.

9.

2525 枚不可区分的白色筹码和 2525 枚不可区分的黑色筹码。求把其中若干枚筹码放入一个 5×55 \times 5 方格中的方法数,使得:

• 每个格子至多含一枚筹码

• 同一行中的所有筹码颜色相同,且同一列中的所有筹码颜色相同,并且

• 再向方格中放入任何一枚筹码,都会违反前两个条件中的一个或多个。

There is a collection of 2525 indistinguishable white chips and 2525 indistinguishable black chips. Find the number of ways to place some of these chips in a 5×55 \times 5 grid such that:

• each cell contains at most one chip

• all chips in the same row and all chips in the same column have the same color, and

• any additional chip placed on the grid would violate one or more of the previous two conditions.

答案:902
难度评级:2920
小提示:

一个极大的摆放没有空行或空列:总可以在空行中加入一枚与所在列颜色匹配的筹码

A maximal placement has no empty row or column: a chip matching the column’s color could always be added inside an empty row

大提示:

因此每一行和每一列都有一种颜色;筹码恰好填在行色与列色相同的格子中,并且行和列必须使用同一组颜色

So every row and column carries a color, chips fill exactly the cells where the two colors agree, and rows and columns must use the same set of colors

解答:

在一个合法摆放中,每个非空行只有一种颜色,每个非空列也同理。如果某一行为空,任选其中一个格子:可以放入一枚与该格所在列颜色相同的筹码(若该列也为空,则任选颜色),这与第三个条件矛盾。所以每一行和每一列都非空,我们可以谈论它们的颜色。

某格有筹码会迫使其行颜色与列颜色相同;反过来,若一行和一列颜色相同但它们交叉的格子为空,就可以加入一枚该颜色的筹码。因此筹码恰好占据行颜色等于列颜色的格子。为了让每一行非空,每个行颜色必须出现在列颜色中,反之亦然,即行与列使用同一组颜色。任何这样的染色反过来都会给出一个合法的极大摆放(每种颜色至多占 2525 个格子,筹码数量足够),且不同染色给出不同摆放。

计数这些染色:所有行列全白、所有行列全黑,或者行和列都使用两种颜色:1+1+(252)2=2+9001 + 1 + (2^5 - 2)^2 = 2 + 900 =902= 902

In a valid placement, each nonempty row has a single color, and likewise each column. If some row were empty, choose any cell of it: a chip of the color of that cell’s column (either color if the column is also empty) could legally be added, contradicting the third condition. So every row and every column is nonempty, and we may speak of its color.

A chip at a cell forces its row and column colors to agree; conversely, if a row and a column share a color but their common cell is empty, a chip of that color could be added. Hence chips occupy exactly the cells whose row color equals the column color. For every row to be nonempty, each row’s color must appear among the column colors, and vice versa — the rows and the columns use the same set of colors. Any such coloring conversely yields a valid maximal placement (at most 2525 cells hold chips of each color, so the supply suffices), and distinct colorings give distinct placements.

Counting the colorings: all rows and columns white, all black, or both colors used by the rows and by the columns: 1+1+(252)2=2+9001 + 1 + (2^5 - 2)^2 = 2 + 900 =902.= 902.

10.

ABC\triangle ABC 的内心为 II,外心为 OO,内切圆半径为 66,外接圆半径为 1313。假设 IAOI\overline{IA} \perp \overline{OI}。求 ABACAB \cdot AC

Let ABC\triangle ABC have incenter I,I, circumcenter O,O, inradius 6,6, and circumradius 13.13. Suppose that IAOI.\overline{IA} \perp \overline{OI}. Find ABAC.AB \cdot AC.

答案:468
难度评级:3060
小提示:

直角给出 IA2=R2OI2IA^2 = R^2 - OI^2,而欧拉公式 OI2=R22RrOI^2 = R^2 - 2Rr 会把它化为 IA2=2RrIA^2 = 2Rr

The right angle gives IA2=R2OI2,IA^2 = R^2 - OI^2, and Euler’s formula OI2=R22RrOI^2 = R^2 - 2Rr turns this into IA2=2RrIA^2 = 2Rr

大提示:

IA=rsin(A2)IA = \frac{r}{\sin(\frac{A}{2})}sa=rcotA2s - a = r \cot\frac{A}{2}a=2RsinAa = 2R \sin A、以及 rs=12bcsinArs = \frac{1}{2} bc \sin A 结合

Combine IA=rsin(A2)IA = \frac{r}{\sin(\frac{A}{2})} with sa=rcotA2,s - a = r \cot\frac{A}{2}, a=2RsinA,a = 2R \sin A, and rs=12bcsinArs = \frac{1}{2} bc \sin A

解答:

因为 OIA=90\angle OIA = 90^\circ,在三角形 OIAOIA 中用勾股定理得 IA2=OA2OI2=R2OI2IA^2 = OA^2 - OI^2 = R^2 - OI^2,而欧拉公式 OI2=R22RrOI^2 = R^2 - 2Rr 给出 IA2=2Rr=2136=156IA^2 = 2Rr = 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 6 = 156\text{。}再与 IA=rsin(A2)IA = \frac{r}{\sin(\frac{A}{2})} 结合,得到 sin2A2=36156=313\sin^2\frac{A}{2} = \frac{36}{156} = \frac{3}{13},所以 cos2A2=1013\cos^2\frac{A}{2} = \frac{10}{13}

于是 sinA=2sinA2cosA2=23013\sin A = 2 \sin\frac{A}{2}\cos\frac{A}{2} = \frac{2\sqrt{30}}{13},所以 a=BC=2RsinA=430a = BC = 2R \sin A = 4\sqrt{30},而 sa=rcotA2=6103s - a = r \cot\frac{A}{2} = 6\sqrt{\frac{10}{3}} =230= 2\sqrt{30}。因此半周长为 s=630s = 6\sqrt{30}

令两个面积公式 [ABC]=rs=12bcsinA[ABC] = rs = \frac{1}{2}\, bc \sin A 相等,得到 bc=2rssinA=2663023013=3613=468 \begin{aligned} bc = \frac{2rs}{\sin A} &= \frac{2 \cdot 6 \cdot 6\sqrt{30}}{\frac{2\sqrt{30}}{13}} \\ &= 36 \cdot 13 = 468 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Since OIA=90,\angle OIA = 90^\circ, the Pythagorean theorem in triangle OIAOIA gives IA2=OA2OI2=R2OI2,IA^2 = OA^2 - OI^2 = R^2 - OI^2, and Euler’s formula OI2=R22RrOI^2 = R^2 - 2Rr yields IA2=2Rr=2136=156.IA^2 = 2Rr = 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 6 = 156. Combining with IA=rsin(A2)IA = \frac{r}{\sin(\frac{A}{2})} gives sin2A2=36156=313,\sin^2\frac{A}{2} = \frac{36}{156} = \frac{3}{13}, so cos2A2=1013.\cos^2\frac{A}{2} = \frac{10}{13}.

Then sinA=2sinA2cosA2=23013,\sin A = 2 \sin\frac{A}{2}\cos\frac{A}{2} = \frac{2\sqrt{30}}{13}, so a=BC=2RsinA=430,a = BC = 2R \sin A = 4\sqrt{30}, while sa=rcotA2=6103s - a = r \cot\frac{A}{2} = 6\sqrt{\frac{10}{3}} =230.= 2\sqrt{30}. Hence the semiperimeter is s=630.s = 6\sqrt{30}.

Equating the two area formulas [ABC]=rs=12bcsinA,[ABC] = rs = \frac{1}{2}\, bc \sin A, bc=2rssinA=2663023013=3613=468. \begin{aligned} bc = \frac{2rs}{\sin A} &= \frac{2 \cdot 6 \cdot 6\sqrt{30}}{\frac{2\sqrt{30}}{13}} \\ &= 36 \cdot 13 = 468. \end{aligned}

11.

求满足 a+b+c=300a + b + c = 300 且满足下式的非负整数三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c) 的个数。a2b+a2c+b2a+b2c+c2a+c2b=6,000,000 \begin{aligned} &a^2 b + a^2 c \\ &\quad {}+ b^2 a + b^2 c \\ &\quad {}+ c^2 a + c^2 b = 6{,}000{,}000 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Find the number of triples of nonnegative integers (a,b,c)(a, b, c) satisfying a+b+c=300a + b + c = 300 and a2b+a2c+b2a+b2c+c2a+c2b=6,000,000. \begin{aligned} &a^2 b + a^2 c \\ &\quad {}+ b^2 a + b^2 c \\ &\quad {}+ c^2 a + c^2 b = 6{,}000{,}000. \end{aligned}

答案:601
难度评级:3060
小提示:

a+b+c=300a + b + c = 300 时,题中给出的和等于 300(ab+bc+ca)3abc300(ab + bc + ca) - 3abc

With a+b+c=300,a + b + c = 300, the given sum equals 300(ab+bc+ca)3abc300(ab + bc + ca) - 3abc

大提示:

利用 a+b+c=300a + b + c = 300:展开 (100a)(100b)(100c)(100 - a)(100 - b)(100 - c):条件恰好说明这个乘积为零

Expand (100a)(100b)(100c)(100 - a)(100 - b)(100 - c) using a+b+c=300:a + b + c = 300: the condition says exactly that this product vanishes

解答:

左边是对称和 (a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) 3abc=300q3p- 3abc = 300q - 3p,其中 q=ab+bc+caq = ab + bc + cap=abcp = abc。所以条件为 100qp=2,000,000100q - p = 2{,}000{,}000。现在展开 (100a)(100b)(100c)=106104(a+b+c)+100qp=(100qp)2106 \begin{gathered} (100 - a)(100 - b)(100 - c) \\ = 10^6 - 10^4 (a + b + c) \\ \quad {}+ 100q - p \\ = (100q - p) - 2 \cdot 10^6 \end{gathered}\text{,}其中使用了 a+b+c=300a + b + c = 300。条件成立当且仅当这个乘积为 00,也就是 a,b,ca, b, c 中至少一个等于 100100

a=100a = 100,则 b+c=200b + c = 200,给出 201201 个三元组;bbcc 的情况同理。3201=6033 \cdot 201 = 603 中被重复计数的三元组有两个变量等于 100100,这会迫使第三个变量也为 100100;三元组 (100,100,100)(100, 100, 100) 被计数三次,所以总数为 6032=601603 - 2 = 601

The left side is the symmetric sum (a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) 3abc=300q3p,- 3abc = 300q - 3p, where q=ab+bc+caq = ab + bc + ca and p=abc.p = abc. So the condition is 100qp=2,000,000.100q - p = 2{,}000{,}000. Now expand (100a)(100b)(100c)=106104(a+b+c)+100qp=(100qp)2106, \begin{gathered} (100 - a)(100 - b)(100 - c) \\ = 10^6 - 10^4 (a + b + c) \\ \quad {}+ 100q - p \\ = (100q - p) - 2 \cdot 10^6, \end{gathered} using a+b+c=300.a + b + c = 300. The condition holds exactly when this product is 0,0, that is, when at least one of a,b,ca, b, c equals 100.100.

If a=100,a = 100, then b+c=200,b + c = 200, giving 201201 triples, and likewise for bb and c:c: 3201=603.3 \cdot 201 = 603. A triple counted more than once has two variables equal to 100,100, which forces the third to be 100100 as well; the triple (100,100,100)(100, 100, 100) is counted three times, so the total is 6032=601.603 - 2 = 601.

12.

O=(0,0)O = (0, 0)A=(12,0)A = \left(\tfrac{1}{2}, 0\right)、以及 B=(0,32)B = \left(0, \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) 为坐标平面中的点。设 F\mathcal{F} 是所有位于第一象限、长度为一的线段 PQ\overline{PQ} 的集合,其中 PPxx 轴上,QQyy 轴上。在线段 AB\overline{AB} 上存在唯一一点 CC,它不同于 AABB,并且除 AB\overline{AB} 外不属于 F\mathcal{F} 中任何其他线段。于是 OC2=pqOC^2 = \tfrac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q

Let O=(0,0),O = (0, 0), A=(12,0),A = \left(\tfrac{1}{2}, 0\right), and B=(0,32)B = \left(0, \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) be points in the coordinate plane. Let F\mathcal{F} be the family of segments PQ\overline{PQ} of unit length lying in the first quadrant with PP on the xx-axis and QQ on the yy-axis. There is a unique point CC on AB,\overline{AB}, distinct from AA and B,B, that does not belong to any segment from F\mathcal{F} other than AB.\overline{AB}. Then OC2=pq,OC^2 = \tfrac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:23
难度评级:3160
小提示:

(cosθ,0)(\cos\theta, 0)(0,sinθ)(0, \sin\theta) 的线段位于 xcosθ+ysinθ=1\frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} = 1 上;AB\overline{AB}θ=60\theta = 60^\circ 对应的成员

The segment from (cosθ,0)(\cos\theta, 0) to (0,sinθ)(0, \sin\theta) lies on xcosθ+ysinθ=1;\frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} = 1; AB\overline{AB} is the member θ=60\theta = 60^\circ

大提示:

xcosθ+ysinθ\frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} 关于 θ\theta 的导数在 θ=60\theta = 60^\circ 处为零,得到 y=33xy = 3\sqrt{3}\,x;再与 AB\overline{AB} 相交

Setting the θ\theta-derivative of xcosθ+ysinθ\frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} to zero at θ=60\theta = 60^\circ gives y=33x;y = 3\sqrt{3}\,x; intersect that with AB\overline{AB}

解答:

F\mathcal{F} 的成员是从 (cosθ,0)(\cos\theta, 0)(0,sinθ)(0, \sin\theta) 的线段,其中 0<θ<900 \lt \theta \lt 90^\circ,它们位于直线 xcosθ+ysinθ=1\frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} = 1 上;线段 AB\overline{AB}θ=60\theta = 60^\circ 的成员。对 AB\overline{AB} 上满足 x,y>0x, y \gt 0 的点 (x,y)(x, y),令 g(θ)=xcosθ+ysinθ1g(\theta) = \frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} - 1\text{,} 则该点在角度为 θ\theta 的成员上,当且仅当 g(θ)=0g(\theta) = 0。注意在区间 (0,90)(0^\circ, 90^\circ) 两端 g+g \to +\infty,且 g(60)=0g(60^\circ) = 0。若 g(60)0g'(60^\circ) \neq 0,则 gg 会在 6060^\circ 的一侧为负,中值定理会在那一侧产生另一个零点,即该点会被另一条线段覆盖。因此 CC 必须满足 g(60)=0g'(60^\circ) = 0。由于 secθ\sec\thetacscθ\csc\theta 在这个区间上都严格凸,所以 gg 也严格凸;于是对这一点,6060^\circgg 的严格全局最小值,所以没有其他线段包含它。

现在 g(θ)=xsinθcos2θycosθsin2θg'(\theta) = \frac{x \sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta} - \frac{y \cos\theta}{\sin^2\theta},由 g(60)=0g'(60^\circ) = 0xsin360=ycos360x \sin^3 60^\circ = y \cos^3 60^\circ,即 y=33xy = 3\sqrt{3}\,x。与 AB\overline{AB} 相交:y=323xy = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} - \sqrt{3}\,x 给出 3x=12x3x = \frac{1}{2} - x,所以 x=18x = \frac{1}{8}y=338y = \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8},这是 AB\overline{AB} 的内点。

因此 OC2=164+2764=2864=716OC^2 = \frac{1}{64} + \frac{27}{64} = \frac{28}{64} = \frac{7}{16},且 p+q=7+16=23p + q = 7 + 16 = 23

The members of F\mathcal{F} are the segments from (cosθ,0)(\cos\theta, 0) to (0,sinθ)(0, \sin\theta) for 0<θ<90,0 \lt \theta \lt 90^\circ, lying on the lines xcosθ+ysinθ=1;\frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} = 1; the segment AB\overline{AB} is the member with θ=60.\theta = 60^\circ. For a point (x,y)(x, y) of AB\overline{AB} with x,y>0,x, y \gt 0, let g(θ)=xcosθ+ysinθ1,g(\theta) = \frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} - 1, so the point lies on the member for angle θ\theta exactly when g(θ)=0.g(\theta) = 0. Note g+g \to +\infty at both endpoints of (0,90)(0^\circ, 90^\circ) and g(60)=0.g(60^\circ) = 0. If g(60)0,g'(60^\circ) \neq 0, then gg is negative on one side of 60,60^\circ, and the intermediate value theorem produces another zero on that side — the point is covered by another segment. So CC must satisfy g(60)=0.g'(60^\circ) = 0. Because both secθ\sec\theta and cscθ\csc\theta are strictly convex on this interval, gg is strictly convex; thus for that point 6060^\circ is the strict global minimum of g,g, so no other segment contains it.

Now g(θ)=xsinθcos2θycosθsin2θ,g'(\theta) = \frac{x \sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta} - \frac{y \cos\theta}{\sin^2\theta}, and g(60)=0g'(60^\circ) = 0 gives xsin360=ycos360,x \sin^3 60^\circ = y \cos^3 60^\circ, i.e. y=33x.y = 3\sqrt{3}\,x. Intersecting with AB:\overline{AB}: y=323xy = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} - \sqrt{3}\,x gives 3x=12x,3x = \frac{1}{2} - x, so x=18x = \frac{1}{8} and y=338,y = \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8}, an interior point of AB.\overline{AB}.

Therefore OC2=164+2764=2864=716,OC^2 = \frac{1}{64} + \frac{27}{64} = \frac{28}{64} = \frac{7}{16}, and p+q=7+16=23.p + q = 7 + 16 = 23.

13.

ω1\omega \neq 1 是一个 1313 次单位根。求k=012(22ωk+ω2k)\prod_{k=0}^{12} \left(2 - 2\omega^k + \omega^{2k}\right)除以 10001000 的余数。

Let ω1\omega \neq 1 be a 1313th root of unity. Find the remainder when k=012(22ωk+ω2k)\prod_{k=0}^{12} \left(2 - 2\omega^k + \omega^{2k}\right) is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:321
难度评级:3060
小提示:

分解 22x+x22 - 2x + x^2 =(x(1+i))(x(1i))= (x - (1+\mathrm{i}))(x - (1-\mathrm{i})),并对全部 1313 次单位根使用 k(xωk)=x131\prod_k (x - \omega^k) = x^{13} - 1

Factor 22x+x22 - 2x + x^2 =(x(1+i))(x(1i)),= (x - (1+\mathrm{i}))(x - (1-\mathrm{i})), and use k(xωk)=x131\prod_k (x - \omega^k) = x^{13} - 1 over all 1313th roots of unity

大提示:

(1+i)2=2i(1+\mathrm{i})^2 = 2\mathrm{i} 使 (1+i)13(1+\mathrm{i})^{13} 容易计算;整个乘积变为 (1(1+i)13)(1(1i)13)\left(1 - (1+\mathrm{i})^{13}\right)\left(1 - (1-\mathrm{i})^{13}\right)

(1+i)2=2i(1+\mathrm{i})^2 = 2\mathrm{i} makes (1+i)13(1+\mathrm{i})^{13} easy to compute; the whole product becomes (1(1+i)13)(1(1i)13)\left(1 - (1+\mathrm{i})^{13}\right)\left(1 - (1-\mathrm{i})^{13}\right)

解答:

因为 22x+x2=(x1)2+12 - 2x + x^2 = (x - 1)^2 + 1 =(x(1+i))(x(1i))= (x - (1+\mathrm{i}))(x - (1-\mathrm{i})),乘积中的每个因式都可分解;当 kk00 变化到 1212 时,ωk\omega^k 遍历所有 1313 次单位根。由于 k(xωk)=x131\prod_k (x - \omega^k) = x^{13} - 1,对任意 α\alphak(ωkα)=(1)13(α131)\prod_k (\omega^k - \alpha) = (-1)^{13}(\alpha^{13} - 1) =1α13= 1 - \alpha^{13}。因此该乘积等于 (1(1+i)13)(1(1i)13)\left(1 - (1+\mathrm{i})^{13}\right)\left(1 - (1-\mathrm{i})^{13}\right)\text{。}

因为 (1+i)2=2i(1+\mathrm{i})^2 = 2\mathrm{i},所以 (1+i)13=(1+i)(2i)6(1+\mathrm{i})^{13} = (1+\mathrm{i})(2\mathrm{i})^6 =64(1+i)=6464i= -64(1 + \mathrm{i}) = -64 - 64\mathrm{i},由共轭可得 (1i)13=64+64i(1-\mathrm{i})^{13} = -64 + 64\mathrm{i}。所以乘积为 (65+64i)(6564i)=652+642=4225+4096=8321 \begin{gathered} (65 + 64\mathrm{i})(65 - 64\mathrm{i}) \\ = 65^2 + 64^2 = 4225 + 4096 \\ = 8321 \end{gathered}\text{,}除以 10001000 的余数为 321321

Since 22x+x2=(x1)2+12 - 2x + x^2 = (x - 1)^2 + 1 =(x(1+i))(x(1i)),= (x - (1+\mathrm{i}))(x - (1-\mathrm{i})), each factor of the product splits, and as kk runs from 00 to 12,12, ωk\omega^k runs over all 1313th roots of unity. Because k(xωk)=x131,\prod_k (x - \omega^k) = x^{13} - 1, for any α\alpha we get k(ωkα)=(1)13(α131)\prod_k (\omega^k - \alpha) = (-1)^{13}(\alpha^{13} - 1) =1α13.= 1 - \alpha^{13}. Hence the product equals (1(1+i)13)(1(1i)13).\left(1 - (1+\mathrm{i})^{13}\right)\left(1 - (1-\mathrm{i})^{13}\right).

Since (1+i)2=2i,(1+\mathrm{i})^2 = 2\mathrm{i}, we get (1+i)13=(1+i)(2i)6(1+\mathrm{i})^{13} = (1+\mathrm{i})(2\mathrm{i})^6 =64(1+i)=6464i,= -64(1 + \mathrm{i}) = -64 - 64\mathrm{i}, and by conjugation (1i)13=64+64i.(1-\mathrm{i})^{13} = -64 + 64\mathrm{i}. So the product is (65+64i)(6564i)=652+642=4225+4096=8321, \begin{gathered} (65 + 64\mathrm{i})(65 - 64\mathrm{i}) \\ = 65^2 + 64^2 = 4225 + 4096 \\ = 8321, \end{gathered} whose remainder upon division by 10001000 is 321.321.

14.

b2b \ge 2 为整数。若一个正整数 nnbb 进制表示时恰好有两位,且这两位数字之和为 n\sqrt{n},则称它为 bb-eautiful。例如,81811313-eautiful,因为 81=631381 = \underline{6}\,\underline{3}_{13},且 6+3=816 + 3 = \sqrt{81}。求最小的整数 b2b \ge 2,使得存在超过十个 bb-eautiful 整数。

Let b2b \ge 2 be an integer. Call a positive integer nn bb-eautiful if it has exactly two digits when expressed in base bb and these two digits sum to n.\sqrt{n}. For example, 8181 is 1313-eautiful because 81=631381 = \underline{6}\,\underline{3}_{13} and 6+3=81.6 + 3 = \sqrt{81}. Find the least integer b2b \ge 2 for which there are more than ten bb-eautiful integers.

答案:211
难度评级:3270
小提示:

写成 n=xb+yn = xb + y,数字和 s=x+y=ns = x + y = \sqrt{n}:于是 s2s=x(b1)s^2 - s = x(b - 1),所以 b1b - 1 必须整除 s(s1)s(s-1)

Write n=xb+yn = xb + y with digit sum s=x+y=n:s = x + y = \sqrt{n}: then s2s=x(b1),s^2 - s = x(b - 1), so b1b - 1 must divide s(s1)s(s-1)

大提示:

每个满足 sb1s \le b-1s(s1)s(s-1) 能被 (b1)(b-1) 整除的取值都给出一个 nn;模 b1b-1 时有 2ω2^{\omega} 个这样的剩余类,其中 ω\omegab1b-1 的不同素因子个数

Each sb1s \le b-1 for which s(s1)s(s-1) is divisible by (b1)(b-1) gives one n;n; mod b1b-1 there are 2ω2^{\omega} such residues, where ω\omega counts the distinct primes of b1b-1

解答:

一个 bb 进制两位数为 n=xb+yn = xb + y,其中 1xb11 \le x \le b-10yb10 \le y \le b-1,条件说 n=s2n = s^2,其中 s=x+ys = x + y。于是 s2=xb+y=x(b1)+ss^2 = xb + y = x(b-1) + s,所以 s(s1)=x(b1)s(s - 1) = x(b - 1)\text{。}注意 sb21<bs \le \sqrt{b^2 - 1} \lt b。反过来,对任何满足 2sb12 \le s \le b - 1s(s1)s(s-1) 能被 (b1)(b-1) 整除的 ss,令 x=s(s1)b1x = \frac{s(s-1)}{b-1}y=sx=s(bs)b1y = s - x = \frac{s(b-s)}{b-1} 可得 1xb11 \le x \le b-10yb10 \le y \le b-1,因而恰好给出一个 bb-eautiful 整数 n=s2n = s^2。所以数量等于满足 s(s1)0(modb1)s(s-1) \equiv 0 \pmod{b-1}s{2,,b1}s \in \{2, \ldots, b-1\} 的个数。

m=b1m = b - 1。因为 sss1s - 1 互质,整除 mm 的每个素数幂都必须整除 sss1s - 1,所以由中国剩余定理,模 mm2ω(m)2^{\omega(m)} 个解,其中 ω(m)\omega(m)mm 的不同素因子个数。在代表元 1,2,,m1, 2, \ldots, m 中,只有 s=1s = 1 不在我们的范围内(而 s=ms = m 符合),所以数量为 2ω(m)12^{\omega(m)} - 1

我们需要 2ω(m)1>102^{\omega(m)} - 1 \gt 10,即 ω(m)4\omega(m) \ge 4。含有四个不同素因子的最小正整数是 2357=2102 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 = 210,所以最小的进制为 b=211b = 211(此时有 241=152^4 - 1 = 15bb-eautiful 整数)。

A two-digit number in base bb is n=xb+yn = xb + y with 1xb11 \le x \le b-1 and 0yb1,0 \le y \le b-1, and the condition says n=s2n = s^2 where s=x+y.s = x + y. Then s2=xb+y=x(b1)+s,s^2 = xb + y = x(b-1) + s, so s(s1)=x(b1).s(s - 1) = x(b - 1). Note sb21<b.s \le \sqrt{b^2 - 1} \lt b. Conversely, for any ss with 2sb12 \le s \le b - 1 and s(s1)s(s-1) divisible by (b1),(b-1), setting x=s(s1)b1x = \frac{s(s-1)}{b-1} and y=sx=s(bs)b1y = s - x = \frac{s(b-s)}{b-1} gives 1xb11 \le x \le b-1 and 0yb1,0 \le y \le b-1, hence exactly one bb-eautiful integer n=s2.n = s^2. So the count equals the number of s{2,,b1}s \in \{2, \ldots, b-1\} with s(s1)0(modb1).s(s-1) \equiv 0 \pmod{b-1}.

Let m=b1.m = b - 1. Since ss and s1s - 1 are coprime, each prime power dividing mm must divide ss or s1,s - 1, so by the Chinese remainder theorem there are 2ω(m)2^{\omega(m)} solutions modulo m,m, where ω(m)\omega(m) is the number of distinct prime factors of m.m. Among the representatives 1,2,,m,1, 2, \ldots, m, only s=1s = 1 falls outside our range (and s=ms = m qualifies), so the count is 2ω(m)1.2^{\omega(m)} - 1.

We need 2ω(m)1>10,2^{\omega(m)} - 1 \gt 10, i.e. ω(m)4.\omega(m) \ge 4. The smallest positive integer with four distinct prime factors is 2357=210,2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 = 210, so the least base is b=211b = 211 (which has 241=152^4 - 1 = 15 bb-eautiful integers).

15.

求在一个固定的正十二边形(1212-边形)内部可以形成多少个矩形,其中矩形的每条边都位于该十二边形的一条边或一条对角线上。下图展示了其中三个这样的矩形。

Find the number of rectangles that can be formed inside a fixed regular dodecagon (1212-gon) where each side of the rectangle lies on either a side or a diagonal of the dodecagon. The diagram below shows three of those rectangles.

答案:315
难度评级:3500
小提示:

每条边和对角线都指向 1212 个方向之一,即 1515^\circ 的倍数;一个矩形使用两条来自一个方向的弦和两条来自垂直方向的弦

Every side and diagonal points in one of 1212 directions, multiples of 15;15^\circ; a rectangle uses two chords from each of two perpendicular directions

大提示:

记录每条平行弦到中心的距离和半长:四个角落都落在弦上,当且仅当每组选出的较大距离不超过另一组较远弦的半长

Record each parallel chord’s distance from center and half-length: the corners fit iff each pair’s larger distance is at most the half-length of the other pair’s farther chord

解答:

将顶点放在单位圆上角度为 30k30k^\circ 的位置。连接顶点 iijj 的弦方向为 15(i+j)+9015(i+j)^\circ + 90^\circ,所以弦分成 1212 个方向,方向间隔为 1515^\circ;一个矩形使用两个互相垂直方向中各两条弦。六对垂直方向在旋转下分为两类,每类三对。当 i+ji + j 为偶数时,一族平行弦有 55 条,到中心的距离为 0,±12,±320, \pm\frac{1}{2}, \pm\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2},对应半长分别为 1,32,121, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, \frac{1}{2};当 i+ji + j 为奇数时,一族有 66 条,距离为 ±cos75,±cos45,±cos15\pm\cos 75^\circ, \pm\cos 45^\circ, \pm\cos 15^\circ,对应半长为 sin75,sin45,sin15\sin 75^\circ, \sin 45^\circ, \sin 15^\circ

一个角是来自两个方向的弦的交点,而它沿一条弦的偏移量等于另一条弦到中心的距离。由于半长随距离增大而减小,四个角全都落在四条弦段上,当且仅当设两组选中弦的较大距离为 D1,D2D_1, D_2 时,每个 DD 都不超过另一组较远弦的半长。对 55-弦族:D=32D = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} 的弦对有 77 对,其半长限制为 12\frac{1}{2}D=12D = \frac{1}{2} 的弦对有 33 对,其限制为 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2};有效组合给出 73+37+33=517 \cdot 3 + 3 \cdot 7 + 3 \cdot 3 = 51 个矩形。对 66-弦族:对应 D=cos75,cos45,cos15D = \cos 75^\circ, \cos 45^\circ, \cos 15^\circ 的弦对数量分别为 1,5,91, 5, 9;有效组合为 (cos75,cos75)(\cos 75^\circ, \cos 75^\circ),以及 (cos75,cos45)(\cos 75^\circ, \cos 45^\circ)(cos75,cos15)(\cos 75^\circ, \cos 15^\circ) 的两个顺序,还有 (cos45,cos45)(\cos 45^\circ, \cos 45^\circ),共 1+5+5+9+9+25=541 + 5 + 5 + 9 + 9 + 25 = 54 个。

每一类方向对出现三次,所以总数为 3(51+54)=3153(51 + 54) = 315

Put the vertices at angles 30k30k^\circ on a unit circle. The chord joining vertices ii and jj has direction 15(i+j)+90,15(i+j)^\circ + 90^\circ, so chords come in 1212 directions spaced 1515^\circ apart, and a rectangle uses two chords from each of two perpendicular directions. The six perpendicular direction pairs split into two kinds, three of each, by rotation. When i+ji + j is even, a family of parallel chords has 55 members, at distances 0,±12,±320, \pm\frac{1}{2}, \pm\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} from the center with half-lengths 1,32,121, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}, \frac{1}{2} respectively; when i+ji + j is odd, a family has 66 members, at distances ±cos75,±cos45,±cos15\pm\cos 75^\circ, \pm\cos 45^\circ, \pm\cos 15^\circ with half-lengths sin75,sin45,sin15.\sin 75^\circ, \sin 45^\circ, \sin 15^\circ.

A corner is the intersection of one chord from each direction, and its offset along a chord equals the other chord’s distance from the center. Since half-lengths shrink as distance grows, the four corners lie on all four chord segments exactly when, writing D1,D2D_1, D_2 for the larger distances of the two chosen pairs, each DD is at most the half-length of the other pair’s farther chord. For the 55-chord families: pairs with D=32D = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} (there are 77) have half-length bound 12,\frac{1}{2}, and pairs with D=12D = \frac{1}{2} (there are 33) have bound 32;\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}; the valid combinations give 73+37+33=517 \cdot 3 + 3 \cdot 7 + 3 \cdot 3 = 51 rectangles. For the 66-chord families: there are 1,5,91, 5, 9 pairs with D=cos75,cos45,cos15,D = \cos 75^\circ, \cos 45^\circ, \cos 15^\circ, and the valid combinations are (cos75,cos75),(\cos 75^\circ, \cos 75^\circ), both orders of (cos75,cos45)(\cos 75^\circ, \cos 45^\circ) and (cos75,cos15),(\cos 75^\circ, \cos 15^\circ), and (cos45,cos45),(\cos 45^\circ, \cos 45^\circ), giving 1+5+5+9+9+25=54.1 + 5 + 5 + 9 + 9 + 25 = 54.

Each kind of direction pair occurs three times, so the total is 3(51+54)=315.3(51 + 54) = 315.