2024 AIME II 第 12 题

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12.

O=(0,0)O = (0, 0)A=(12,0)A = \left(\tfrac{1}{2}, 0\right)、以及 B=(0,32)B = \left(0, \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) 为坐标平面中的点。设 F\mathcal{F} 是所有位于第一象限、长度为一的线段 PQ\overline{PQ} 的集合,其中 PPxx 轴上,QQyy 轴上。在线段 AB\overline{AB} 上存在唯一一点 CC,它不同于 AABB,并且除 AB\overline{AB} 外不属于 F\mathcal{F} 中任何其他线段。于是 OC2=pqOC^2 = \tfrac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q

Let O=(0,0),O = (0, 0), A=(12,0),A = \left(\tfrac{1}{2}, 0\right), and B=(0,32)B = \left(0, \tfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) be points in the coordinate plane. Let F\mathcal{F} be the family of segments PQ\overline{PQ} of unit length lying in the first quadrant with PP on the xx-axis and QQ on the yy-axis. There is a unique point CC on AB,\overline{AB}, distinct from AA and B,B, that does not belong to any segment from F\mathcal{F} other than AB.\overline{AB}. Then OC2=pq,OC^2 = \tfrac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:23
知识点:微积分三角学最优化
难度评级:3160
解答:

F\mathcal{F} 的成员是从 (cosθ,0)(\cos\theta, 0)(0,sinθ)(0, \sin\theta) 的线段,其中 0<θ<900 \lt \theta \lt 90^\circ,它们位于直线 xcosθ+ysinθ=1\frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} = 1 上;线段 AB\overline{AB}θ=60\theta = 60^\circ 的成员。对 AB\overline{AB} 上满足 x,y>0x, y \gt 0 的点 (x,y)(x, y),令 则该点在角度为 θ\theta 的成员上,当且仅当 g(θ)=0g(\theta) = 0。注意在区间 (0,90)(0^\circ, 90^\circ) 两端 g+g \to +\infty,且 g(60)=0g(60^\circ) = 0。若 g(60)0g'(60^\circ) \neq 0,则 gg 会在 6060^\circ 的一侧为负,中值定理会在那一侧产生另一个零点,即该点会被另一条线段覆盖。因此 CC 必须满足 g(60)=0g'(60^\circ) = 0,而对这一点,6060^\circgg 的严格全局最小值,所以没有其他线段包含它。 secθ\sec\theta cscθ\csc\theta ggg(θ)=xcosθ+ysinθ1,g(\theta) = \frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} - 1,

现在 g(θ)=xsinθcos2θycosθsin2θg'(\theta) = \frac{x \sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta} - \frac{y \cos\theta}{\sin^2\theta}, 由 g(60)=0g'(60^\circ) = 0xsin360=ycos360x \sin^3 60^\circ = y \cos^3 60^\circ,即 y=33xy = 3\sqrt{3}\,xAB\overline{AB}: 相交: y=323xy = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} - \sqrt{3}\,x 给出 3x=12x3x = \frac{1}{2} - x,所以 x=18x = \frac{1}{8}y=338y = \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8},这是 AB\overline{AB} 的内点。

因此 OC2=164+2764=2864=716OC^2 = \frac{1}{64} + \frac{27}{64} = \frac{28}{64} = \frac{7}{16},且 p+q=7+16=23p + q = 7 + 16 = 23

The members of F\mathcal{F} are the segments from (cosθ,0)(\cos\theta, 0) to (0,sinθ)(0, \sin\theta) for 0<θ<90,0 \lt \theta \lt 90^\circ, lying on the lines xcosθ+ysinθ=1;\frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} = 1; the segment AB\overline{AB} is the member with θ=60.\theta = 60^\circ. For a point (x,y)(x, y) of AB\overline{AB} with x,y>0,x, y \gt 0, let g(θ)=xcosθ+ysinθ1,g(\theta) = \frac{x}{\cos\theta} + \frac{y}{\sin\theta} - 1, so the point lies on the member for angle θ\theta exactly when g(θ)=0.g(\theta) = 0. Note g+g \to +\infty at both endpoints of (0,90)(0^\circ, 90^\circ) and g(60)=0.g(60^\circ) = 0. If g(60)0,g'(60^\circ) \neq 0, then gg is negative on one side of 60,60^\circ, and the intermediate value theorem produces another zero on that side — the point is covered by another segment. So CC must satisfy g(60)=0.g'(60^\circ) = 0. Because both secθ\sec\theta and cscθ\csc\theta are strictly convex on this interval, gg is strictly convex; thus for that point 6060^\circ is the strict global minimum of g,g, so no other segment contains it.

Now g(θ)=xsinθcos2θycosθsin2θ,g'(\theta) = \frac{x \sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta} - \frac{y \cos\theta}{\sin^2\theta}, and g(60)=0g'(60^\circ) = 0 gives xsin360=ycos360,x \sin^3 60^\circ = y \cos^3 60^\circ, i.e. y=33x.y = 3\sqrt{3}\,x. Intersecting with AB:\overline{AB}: y=323xy = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} - \sqrt{3}\,x gives 3x=12x,3x = \frac{1}{2} - x, so x=18x = \frac{1}{8} and y=338,y = \frac{3\sqrt{3}}{8}, an interior point of AB.\overline{AB}.

Therefore OC2=164+2764=2864=716,OC^2 = \frac{1}{64} + \frac{27}{64} = \frac{28}{64} = \frac{7}{16}, and p+q=7+16=23.p + q = 7 + 16 = 23.

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