2024 AIME I 第 11 题

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11.

正八边形的每个顶点独立地以相同概率染成红色或蓝色。若这个八边形可以通过某次旋转,使得所有蓝色顶点 最终落到原本是红色顶点的位置上,则称该染色满足条件。这个概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Each vertex of a regular octagon is independently colored either red or blue with equal probability. The probability that the octagon can then be rotated so that all of the blue vertices end up at positions where there had been red vertices is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:371
知识点:基本概率双重计数分类讨论
难度评级:2990
解答:

将顶点标为 0,,70, \ldots, 7,并令 BB 为蓝色顶点集合,b=Bb = |B|。旋转 kk 满足条件, 当且仅当 (B+k)B=(B + k) \cap B = \varnothing。由于 B+kB + k 必须放入 8b8 - b 个红色位置中, 必有 b4b \le 4。把 B(B+k)|B \cap (B + k)| 对所有八个旋转求和,会把 (i,j)B×B(i, j) \in B \times B 的所有有序对各计一次(通过 k=ijk = i - j),总数为 b2b^2,而 k=0k = 0 项贡献 bb。所以当 b3b \le 3 时,七个非零旋转的重合总数仅为 b2b6b^2 - b \le 6,必有某个旋转没有重合:所有 b3b \le 31+8+28+56=931 + 8 + 28 + 56 = 93 种染色都成功。

b=4b = 4 时,不相交会迫使 B+kB + k 正好等于 BB 的补集。若 kk 为奇数,循环 0,k,2k,0, k, 2k, \ldots 会遍历全部顶点,并且必须在 BB 与其补集之间交替,所以 BB 是偶数顶点集合或奇数顶点集合:共有 22 个集合。若 k2(mod4)k \equiv 2 \pmod 4,则 BB 在两个 44-循环 {0,2,4,6}\{0, 2, 4, 6\}{1,3,5,7}\{1, 3, 5, 7\} 中各取一对相对顶点:共有 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 个集合,例如 {0,1,4,5}\{0, 1, 4, 5\}。若 k=4k = 4,则 BB 从每对 {i,i+4}\{i, i + 4\} 中恰取一个顶点:共有 24=162^4 = 16 个集合。前两类都包含某对相对顶点的两个成员,而第三类从不这样;偶数或奇数顶点集合又把它们的相对顶点对都取自同一个 44-循环,所以三类互不重叠,总共有 2+4+16=222 + 4 + 16 = 22 个集合。

因此在 28=2562^8 = 256 种染色中,有 93+22=11593 + 22 = 115 种满足条件,概率为 115256\frac{115}{256},所以 m+n=115+256=371m + n = 115 + 256 = 371

Label the vertices 0,,70, \ldots, 7 and let BB be the blue set, b=B.b = |B|. Rotation by kk works exactly when (B+k)B=.(B + k) \cap B = \varnothing. Since B+kB + k must fit inside the 8b8 - b red positions, b4.b \le 4. Summing B(B+k)|B \cap (B + k)| over all eight rotations counts all pairs (i,j)B×B(i, j) \in B \times B once (via k=ijk = i - j), a total of b2,b^2, and the k=0k = 0 term contributes b.b. So for b3b \le 3 the seven nonzero rotations share only b2b6b^2 - b \le 6 overlaps, and some rotation has none: all 1+8+28+56=931 + 8 + 28 + 56 = 93 colorings with b3b \le 3 succeed.

For b=4,b = 4, disjointness forces B+kB + k to be exactly the complement of B.B. If kk is odd, the cycle 0,k,2k,0, k, 2k, \ldots visits all vertices and must alternate between BB and its complement, so BB is the evens or the odds: 22 sets. If k2(mod4),k \equiv 2 \pmod 4, then BB meets each of the 44-cycles {0,2,4,6}\{0, 2, 4, 6\} and {1,3,5,7}\{1, 3, 5, 7\} in an antipodal pair: 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 sets, such as {0,1,4,5}.\{0, 1, 4, 5\}. If k=4,k = 4, then BB contains exactly one of each pair {i,i+4}:\{i, i + 4\}: 24=162^4 = 16 sets. The first two families contain both members of some antipodal pair while the third never does, and the evens/odds take both their antipodal pairs from one 44-cycle, so the three families are disjoint: 2+4+16=222 + 4 + 16 = 22 sets.

In total 93+22=11593 + 22 = 115 of the 28=2562^8 = 256 colorings work, so the probability is 115256\frac{115}{256} and m+n=115+256=371.m + n = 115 + 256 = 371.

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