2023 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

一个立方体形容器有顶点 AABBCCDD,其中 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD} 是立方体的平行棱,AC\overline{AC}BD\overline{BD} 是立方体面的对角线, 如图所示。把立方体的顶点 AA 放在水平平面 P\mathcal{P} 上,使得矩形 ABDCABDC 所在平面垂直于 P\mathcal{P},顶点 BBP\mathcal{P} 上方 22 米,顶点 CCP\mathcal{P} 上方 88 米,顶点 DDP\mathcal{P} 上方 1010 米。立方体中装有水, 水面平行于 P\mathcal{P},且在 P\mathcal{P} 上方 77 米。水的体积为 mn\frac{m}{n} 立方米,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

A cube-shaped container has vertices A,A, B,B, C,C, and D,D, where AB\overline{AB} and CD\overline{CD} are parallel edges of the cube, and AC\overline{AC} and BD\overline{BD} are diagonals of faces of the cube, as shown. Vertex AA of the cube is set on a horizontal plane P\mathcal{P} so that the plane of the rectangle ABDCABDC is perpendicular to P,\mathcal{P}, vertex BB is 22 meters above P,\mathcal{P}, vertex CC is 88 meters above P,\mathcal{P}, and vertex DD is 1010 meters above P.\mathcal{P}. The cube contains water whose surface is parallel to P\mathcal{P} at a height of 77 meters above P.\mathcal{P}. The volume of water is mn\frac{m}{n} cubic meters, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:751
知识点:正方体体积坐标几何微积分
难度评级:3270
解答:

为立方体建立坐标,使 AA 为原点,棱沿坐标轴方向,棱长为 ss:则 B=(s,0,0)B = (s, 0, 0)C=(0,s,s)C = (0, s, s)D=(s,s,s)D = (s, s, s) 符合题意(ABCD\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD} 是棱,AC\overline{AC}BD\overline{BD} 是面的对角线)。离 P\mathcal{P} 的高度是某个线性函数 h(x,y,z)=u1x+u2y+u3zh(x, y, z) = u_1 x + u_2 y + u_3 z,其中 uu 是单位向量。矩形 ABDCABDC 所在平面的法向量方向为 (0,1,1)(0, 1, -1),而它垂直于 P\mathcal{P} 意味着竖直方向 uu 位于该平面内,所以 u2=u3u_2 = u_3。由 BBCC 的高度,su1=2s u_1 = 2s(u2+u3)=8s(u_2 + u_3) = 8,所以 su2=su3=4su_2 = su_3 = 4,再由 u=1|u| = 1,得 s2=22+42+42=36s^2 = 2^2 + 4^2 + 4^2 = 36。因此 s=6s = 6u=13(1,2,2)u = \frac{1}{3}(1, 2, 2)(也确实有 h(D)=10h(D) = 10)。

水所在区域是 [0,6]3[0, 6]^3 中满足 h7h \le 7 的部分,也就是 x+2y+2z21x + 2y + 2z \le 21。固定 x=ax = a 时,截面为 {(y,z)[0,6]2:y+z21a2}\{(y, z) \in [0,6]^2 : y + z \le \tfrac{21 - a}{2}\},由于 21a2\frac{21 - a}{2} 介于 661212 之间,截面积为 3612(1221a2)236 - \frac{1}{2}\left(12 - \frac{21 - a}{2}\right)^2 =36(3+a)28= 36 - \frac{(3 + a)^2}{8}

积分得到 V=06(36(3+a)28)da=216933324=21670224=7474, \begin{gathered} V = \int_0^6 \left(36 - \frac{(3 + a)^2}{8}\right) da \\ = 216 - \frac{9^3 - 3^3}{24} \\ = 216 - \frac{702}{24} \\ = \frac{747}{4}, \end{gathered} 所以 m+n=747+4=751m + n = 747 + 4 = 751

Give the cube coordinates so that AA is the origin, the edges lie along the axes, and the edge length is s:s: then B=(s,0,0),B = (s, 0, 0), C=(0,s,s),C = (0, s, s), D=(s,s,s)D = (s, s, s) satisfy the description (ABCD\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD} are edges and AC,\overline{AC}, BD\overline{BD} are face diagonals). Height above P\mathcal{P} is a linear function h(x,y,z)=u1x+u2y+u3zh(x, y, z) = u_1 x + u_2 y + u_3 z for some unit vector u.u. The plane of rectangle ABDCABDC has normal direction (0,1,1),(0, 1, -1), and perpendicularity to P\mathcal{P} means the vertical direction uu lies in that plane, so u2=u3.u_2 = u_3. The heights of BB and CC give su1=2s u_1 = 2 and s(u2+u3)=8,s(u_2 + u_3) = 8, so su2=su3=4,su_2 = su_3 = 4, and u=1|u| = 1 forces s2=22+42+42=36.s^2 = 2^2 + 4^2 + 4^2 = 36. Thus s=6s = 6 and u=13(1,2,2)u = \frac{1}{3}(1, 2, 2) (and indeed h(D)=10h(D) = 10).

The water is the region of [0,6]3[0, 6]^3 where h7,h \le 7, i.e. x+2y+2z21.x + 2y + 2z \le 21. For fixed x=a,x = a, the slice is {(y,z)[0,6]2:y+z21a2},\{(y, z) \in [0,6]^2 : y + z \le \tfrac{21 - a}{2}\}, and since 21a2\frac{21 - a}{2} lies between 66 and 12,12, its area is 3612(1221a2)236 - \frac{1}{2}\left(12 - \frac{21 - a}{2}\right)^2 =36(3+a)28.= 36 - \frac{(3 + a)^2}{8}.

Integrating, V=06(36(3+a)28)da=216933324=21670224=7474, \begin{gathered} V = \int_0^6 \left(36 - \frac{(3 + a)^2}{8}\right) da \\ = 216 - \frac{9^3 - 3^3}{24} \\ = 216 - \frac{702}{24} \\ = \frac{747}{4}, \end{gathered} so m+n=747+4=751.m + n = 747 + 4 = 751.

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