2022 AIME I 第 14 题

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14.

给定 ABC\triangle ABC 以及其一条边上的点 PP。若直线 \ell 经过 PP,并把 ABC\triangle ABC 分成两个周长相等的多边形,则称 \ellABC\triangle ABC 经过 PP分割线。设 ABC\triangle ABC 是一个三角形,其中 BC=219BC = 219,且 ABABACAC 都是正整数。令 MMNN 分别为 AB\overline{AB}AC\overline{AC} 的中点,并且 ABC\triangle ABC 经过 MMNN 的两条分割线相交成 3030^\circ。求 ABC\triangle ABC 的周长。

Given ABC\triangle ABC and a point PP on one of its sides, call line \ell the splitting line of ABC\triangle ABC through PP if \ell passes through PP and divides ABC\triangle ABC into two polygons of equal perimeter. Let ABC\triangle ABC be a triangle where BC=219BC = 219 and ABAB and ACAC are positive integers. Let MM and NN be the midpoints of AB\overline{AB} and AC,\overline{AC}, respectively, and suppose that the splitting lines of ABC\triangle ABC through MM and NN intersect at 30.30^\circ. Find the perimeter of ABC.\triangle ABC.

答案:459
知识点:角平分线余弦定理丢番图方程
难度评级:3500
解答:

a=BC=219a = BC = 219b=CAb = CAc=ABc = AB,并令 ss 为半周长。经过 MM 的分割线与 BC\overline{BC} 交于点 XX,且 MX\overline{MX}(这样两部分周长都为 BX=a+b2=sc2BX=\frac{a+b}{2}=s-\frac{c}{2})。 在三角形 BMXBMX 中,正弦定理说明 BXM=C2\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}:这需要 csin(B+C2)=(a+b)sinC2c \sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = (a + b)\sin\frac{C}{2},而它可由 a+b=2R(sinA+sinB)a + b = 2R(\sin A + \sin B) =4RcosC2cosAB2= 4R\cos\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{A - B}{2} 以及 c=4RsinC2cosC2c = 4R \sin\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2} 化简为 sin(B+C2)=cosAB2\sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = \cos\frac{A - B}{2},这是真的,因为这两个角互余。 因此经过 MM 的分割线平行于从 CC, 出发的角平分线;类似地,经过 NN 的分割线平行于 从 BB。 出发的角平分线。 c2+BX=c2+b+(aBX), \frac{c}{2}+BX=\frac{c}{2}+b+(a-BX),

BBCC 出发的内角平分线相交成 90+A2>9090^\circ + \frac{A}{2} \gt 90^\circ,所以两条分割线 的锐角夹角为 90A2=3090^\circ - \frac{A}{2} = 30^\circ,从而 A=120\angle A = 120^\circ。由余弦定理, 设 p=b+cp = b + c,则 bc=p22192bc = p^2 - 219^2,且 b,cb, ct2pt+(p22192)t^2 - pt + (p^2 - 219^2) 的根,因此要求 421923p24 \cdot 219^2 - 3p^2 是完全平方数 k2k^2。于是 3k3 \mid k3p3 \mid p;写 p=3rp = 3rk=3mk = 3m,条件变为 m2+3r2=1462m^2 + 3r^2 = 146^2。三角形不等式 p>219p \gt 219421923p24 \cdot 219^2 \ge 3p^2 将范围限制为 74r8474 \le r \le 84,检查后只有 r=80r = 80 可行,此时 m=46m = 462192=b2+c2+bc=(b+c)2bc. \begin{aligned} 219^2 &= b^2 + c^2 + bc \\ &= (b + c)^2 - bc. \end{aligned}

所以 b+c=240b + c = 240,且 bc=240247961=9639bc = 240^2 - 47961 = 9639,给出 {b,c}={51,189}\{b, c\} = \{51, 189\},这是一个有效三角形。周长为 219+240=459219 + 240 = 459

Write a=BC=219,a = BC = 219, b=CA,b = CA, c=AB,c = AB, and ss for the semiperimeter. The splitting line through MM meets BC\overline{BC} at the point X.X. Equating the two piece perimeters and cancelling their common segment MX\overline{MX} gives c2+BX=c2+b+(aBX), \frac{c}{2}+BX=\frac{c}{2}+b+(a-BX), so BX=a+b2=sc2.BX=\frac{a+b}{2}=s-\frac{c}{2}. In triangle BMX,BMX, the law of sines shows BXM=C2:\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}: this needs csin(B+C2)=(a+b)sinC2,c \sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = (a + b)\sin\frac{C}{2}, which reduces via a+b=2R(sinA+sinB)a + b = 2R(\sin A + \sin B) =4RcosC2cosAB2= 4R\cos\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{A - B}{2} and c=4RsinC2cosC2c = 4R \sin\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2} to sin(B+C2)=cosAB2,\sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = \cos\frac{A - B}{2}, true because those angles are complementary. Hence the splitting line through MM is parallel to the angle bisector from C,C, and likewise the one through NN is parallel to the bisector from B.B.

The internal bisectors from BB and CC meet at 90+A2>90,90^\circ + \frac{A}{2} \gt 90^\circ, so the acute angle between the two splitting lines is 90A2=30,90^\circ - \frac{A}{2} = 30^\circ, forcing A=120.\angle A = 120^\circ. The law of cosines gives 2192=b2+c2+bc=(b+c)2bc. \begin{aligned} 219^2 &= b^2 + c^2 + bc \\ &= (b + c)^2 - bc. \end{aligned} Set p=b+c,p = b + c, so bc=p22192bc = p^2 - 219^2 and b,cb, c are roots of t2pt+(p22192),t^2 - pt + (p^2 - 219^2), requiring 421923p24 \cdot 219^2 - 3p^2 to be a perfect square k2.k^2. Then 3k3 \mid k and 3p;3 \mid p; writing p=3rp = 3r and k=3mk = 3m turns the condition into m2+3r2=1462.m^2 + 3r^2 = 146^2. The triangle inequality p>219p \gt 219 and 421923p24 \cdot 219^2 \ge 3p^2 restrict 74r84,74 \le r \le 84, and checking these, only r=80r = 80 works, with m=46.m = 46.

So b+c=240b + c = 240 and bc=240247961=9639,bc = 240^2 - 47961 = 9639, giving {b,c}={51,189}\{b, c\} = \{51, 189\} — a valid triangle. The perimeter is 219+240=459.219 + 240 = 459.

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