2020 AIME I 第 10 题

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10.

mmnn 为满足以下条件的正整数:

gcd(m+n,210)=1\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1

mmm^mnnn^n 的倍数,并且

mm 不是 nn 的倍数。

m+nm + n 的最小可能值。

Let mm and nn be positive integers satisfying the conditions

gcd(m+n,210)=1,\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1,

mmm^m is a multiple of nn,n^n, and

mm is not a multiple of n.n.

Find the least possible value of m+n.m + n.

答案:407
知识点:质因数分解整除性极限情形界定
难度评级:2990
解答:

若质数 pp 整除 nn,则 pnnmmp \mid n^n \mid m^m,所以 pmp \mid m,从而 pm+np \mid m + n。由于 gcd(m+n,210)=1\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1nn 的质因数不能是 223355, 或 77:每个质因数都至少为 1111。因为 mm 不是 nn 的倍数,某个质数 pp 满足 b=vp(m)<a=vp(n)b = v_p(m) \lt a = v_p(n),其中 vpv_p 表示 pp 的指数。比较 nnmmn^n \mid m^mpp 的指数,得 bmanbm \ge an,所以 mabn2nm \ge \frac{a}{b}n \ge 2n。特别地 a2a \ge 2, 因此 p2np^2 \mid n,并且 n112=121n \ge 11^2 = 121nn

n=121n = 121,对应 p=11p = 11a=2a = 2b=1b = 1:此时 mm1111 的倍数但不是 121121 的倍数,并且 m2121=242m \ge 2 \cdot 121 = 242。候选 m=253,264,275m = 253, 264, 275 分别给出 m+n=374=21117m + n = 374 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 17385=5711385 = 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 11396=223211396 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 11 都与 210210 有公因数;而 m=242=2112m = 242 = 2 \cdot 11^2121121 的倍数。 但 m=286=21113m = 286 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 可行:v11(mm)=286v_{11}(m^m) = 286 242=v11(nn)\ge 242 = v_{11}(n^n),所以 nnmmn^n \mid m^m,且 m+n=407=1137m + n = 407 = 11 \cdot 37210210。 互质。

其他任何允许的 nn 至少为 132=16913^2 = 169,迫使 m+n3n507m + n \ge 3n \ge 507。因此最小可能值为 407407

If a prime pp divides n,n, then pnnmm,p \mid n^n \mid m^m, so pmp \mid m and hence pm+n.p \mid m + n. Since gcd(m+n,210)=1,\gcd(m + n, 210) = 1, no prime factor of nn is 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, or 7:7: every prime factor of nn is at least 11.11. Because mm is not a multiple of n,n, some prime pp has b=vp(m)<a=vp(n),b = v_p(m) \lt a = v_p(n), where vpv_p denotes the exponent of p.p. Comparing exponents of pp in nnmmn^n \mid m^m gives bman,bm \ge an, so mabn2n.m \ge \frac{a}{b}n \ge 2n. In particular a2,a \ge 2, so p2np^2 \mid n and n112=121.n \ge 11^2 = 121.

Take n=121n = 121 with p=11,p = 11, a=2,a = 2, b=1:b = 1: then mm is a multiple of 1111 but not of 121,121, and m2121=242.m \ge 2 \cdot 121 = 242. The candidates m=253,264,275m = 253, 264, 275 give m+n=374=21117,m + n = 374 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 17, 385=5711,385 = 5 \cdot 7 \cdot 11, 396=223211,396 = 2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 11, all sharing a factor with 210,210, while m=242=2112m = 242 = 2 \cdot 11^2 is a multiple of 121.121. But m=286=21113m = 286 = 2 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 works: v11(mm)=286v_{11}(m^m) = 286 242=v11(nn),\ge 242 = v_{11}(n^n), so nnmm,n^n \mid m^m, and m+n=407=1137m + n = 407 = 11 \cdot 37 is coprime to 210.210.

Any other admissible nn is at least 132=169,13^2 = 169, forcing m+n3n507.m + n \ge 3n \ge 507. Hence the least possible value is 407.407.

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