2019 AIME I 第 12 题

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12.

给定 f(z)=z219zf(z) = z^2 - 19z,存在复数 zz 使得 zzf(z)f(z), 和 f(f(z))f(f(z)) 是复平面中一个直角三角形的三个顶点,且直角在 f(z)f(z) 处。存在正整数 mmnn, 使某一个这样的 zz 等于 m+n+11im + \sqrt{n} + 11i。求 m+nm + n

Given f(z)=z219z,f(z) = z^2 - 19z, there are complex numbers zz with the property that z,z, f(z),f(z), and f(f(z))f(f(z)) are the vertices of a right triangle in the complex plane with a right angle at f(z).f(z). There are positive integers mm and nn such that one such value of zz is m+n+11i.m + \sqrt{n} + 11i. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:230
知识点:复数多项式因式分解
难度评级:2920
解答:

因为 f(w)w=w(w20)f(w) - w = w(w - 20),所以在 f(z)f(z) 处的两条边为 其中用到 f(z)=z(z19)f(z) = z(z - 19)f(z)20=(z20)(z+1)f(z) - 20 = (z - 20)(z + 1)。它们垂直恰好等价于它们的商 (z19)(z+1)(z - 19)(z + 1) 为非零纯虚数。 f(z)z=z(z20),f(f(z))f(z)=f(z)(f(z)20)=z(z19)(z20)(z+1), \begin{gathered} f(z) - z = z(z - 20), \\ f(f(z)) - f(z) = f(z) \\ {}\cdot \bigl(f(z) - 20\bigr) \\ = z(z - 19)(z - 20) \\ {}\cdot (z + 1), \end{gathered}

z=x+11iz = x + 11i(z19)(z+1)=z218z19(z - 19)(z + 1) = z^2 - 18z - 19 的实部为 x212118x19x^2 - 121 - 18x - 19,所以需要 x218x140=0x^2 - 18x - 140 = 0,得 x=9±221x = 9 \pm \sqrt{221} 为了符合 m+n+11im + \sqrt{n} + 11im,nm, n 为正整数的形式,必须取 x=9+221x = 9 + \sqrt{221}

因此 m+n=9+221=230m + n = 9 + 221 = 230

Since f(w)w=w(w20),f(w) - w = w(w - 20), the two legs at f(z)f(z) are f(z)z=z(z20),f(f(z))f(z)=f(z)(f(z)20)=z(z19)(z20)(z+1), \begin{gathered} f(z) - z = z(z - 20), \\ f(f(z)) - f(z) = f(z) \\ {}\cdot \bigl(f(z) - 20\bigr) \\ = z(z - 19)(z - 20) \\ {}\cdot (z + 1), \end{gathered} using f(z)=z(z19)f(z) = z(z - 19) and f(z)20=(z20)(z+1).f(z) - 20 = (z - 20)(z + 1). They are perpendicular exactly when their quotient (z19)(z+1)(z - 19)(z + 1) is purely imaginary and nonzero.

Write z=x+11i.z = x + 11i. The real part of (z19)(z+1)=z218z19(z - 19)(z + 1) = z^2 - 18z - 19 is x212118x19,x^2 - 121 - 18x - 19, so we need x218x140=0,x^2 - 18x - 140 = 0, giving x=9±221.x = 9 \pm \sqrt{221}. The form m+n+11im + \sqrt{n} + 11i with m,nm, n positive integers requires x=9+221.x = 9 + \sqrt{221}.

Hence m+n=9+221=230.m + n = 9 + 221 = 230.

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