2017 AIME I 第 8 题

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8.

从区间 (0,75)(0, 75) 中独立且均匀随机选取两个实数 aabb。设 OOPP 是平面上两个点,且 OP=200OP = 200。点 QQRR 位于直线 OPOP 的同侧,并满足 POQ\angle POQPOR\angle POR 的度数分别为 aabb,且 OQP\angle OQPORP\angle ORP 都是直角。若 QR100QR \le 100 的概率等于 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数,求 m+nm + n

Two real numbers aa and bb are chosen independently and uniformly at random from the interval (0,75).(0, 75). Let OO and PP be two points in the plane with OP=200.OP = 200. Let QQ and RR be points on the same side of line OPOP such that the degree measures of POQ\angle POQ and POR\angle POR are aa and b,b, respectively, and OQP\angle OQP and ORP\angle ORP are both right angles. The probability that QR100QR \le 100 is equal to mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:41
知识点:几何概率圆周角三角学
难度评级:2920
解答:

因为 OQP=ORP=90\angle OQP = \angle ORP = 90^\circ,点 QQRR 都在以 OP\overline{OP} 为直径的圆上,该圆半径为 100100。角 QOR=ab\angle QOR = |a - b| 是这个圆中的圆周角,所以弦长满足 QR=2100sinabQR = 2 \cdot 100 \cdot \sin|a - b|。因为 ab<75|a - b| \lt 75^\circ,条件 QR100QR \le 100,也就是 sinab12\sin|a - b| \le \frac{1}{2},等价于 ab30|a - b| \le 30

在等可能的 (a,b)(a, b) 所组成的 75×7575 \times 75 正方形中,区域 ab>30|a - b| \gt 30 由两个直角三角形组成,每个三角形的直角边长为 7530=4575 - 30 = 45,所以所求概率为 1452752=1925=1625.1 - \frac{45^2}{75^2} = 1 - \frac{9}{25} = \frac{16}{25}.

因此 m+n=16+25=41m + n = 16 + 25 = 41

Since OQP=ORP=90,\angle OQP = \angle ORP = 90^\circ, both QQ and RR lie on the circle with diameter OP,\overline{OP}, whose radius is 100.100. The angle QOR=ab\angle QOR = |a - b| is an inscribed angle in this circle, so the chord satisfies QR=2100sinab.QR = 2 \cdot 100 \cdot \sin|a - b|. Because ab<75,|a - b| \lt 75^\circ, the condition QR100,QR \le 100, i.e. sinab12,\sin|a - b| \le \frac{1}{2}, is equivalent to ab30.|a - b| \le 30.

In the 75×7575 \times 75 square of equally likely pairs (a,b),(a, b), the region ab>30|a - b| \gt 30 consists of two right triangles with legs 7530=45,75 - 30 = 45, so the probability is 1452752=1925=1625.1 - \frac{45^2}{75^2} = 1 - \frac{9}{25} = \frac{16}{25}.

Therefore m+n=16+25=41.m + n = 16 + 25 = 41.

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