2013 AIME II 第 12 题

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12.

SS 为所有形如 z3+az2+bz+cz^3 + az^2 + bz + c 的多项式集合,其中 aabbcc 都是整数。求 SS 中有多少个多项式,使得它的每个根 zz 都满足 z=20|z| = 20z=13|z| = 13

Let SS be the set of all polynomials of the form z3+az2+bz+c,z^3 + az^2 + bz + c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are integers. Find the number of polynomials in SS such that each of its roots zz satisfies either z=20|z| = 20 or z=13.|z| = 13.

答案:540
知识点:多项式复数分类讨论
难度评级:3060
解答:

实系数三次多项式要么有三个实根,要么有一个实根和一对共轭根。模长为 20201313 的实数只有 ±20\pm 20±13\pm 13,所以全实根情形中,根是从这 44 个值中选出的大小为 33 的多重集合:共有 (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 个多项式。

否则,根为 k{±20,±13}k \in \{\pm 20, \pm 13\} 以及共轭对 r±sir \pm si,其中 s0s \ne 0,且 r2+s2=400r^2 + s^2 = 400169169。展开 可知各项系数为 (2r+k)-(2r + k)r2+s2+2rkr^2 + s^2 + 2rk(r2+s2)k-(r^2 + s^2)k,它们全为整数当且仅当 2r2r 是整数。在半径为 2020 的圆上,需要 r<20|r| \lt 20,允许 2r{39,,39}2r \in \{-39, \ldots, 39\},有 7979 种选择;在半径为 1313 的圆上,2r{25,,25}2r \in \{-25, \ldots, 25\},有 5151 种选择。再乘以 kk44 种选择,得到 4(79+51)=5204(79 + 51) = 520 个多项式;每个都不同,因为根决定多项式。 (zk)(z22rz+(r2+s2))(z - k)\bigl(z^2 - 2rz + (r^2 + s^2)\bigr)

总共有 20+520=54020 + 520 = 540 个这样的多项式。

A cubic with real coefficients has either three real roots or one real root and a conjugate pair. The only real numbers with modulus 2020 or 1313 are ±20\pm 20 and ±13,\pm 13, so in the all-real case the roots form a multiset of size 33 from those 44 values: (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 polynomials.

Otherwise the roots are k{±20,±13}k \in \{\pm 20, \pm 13\} and a conjugate pair r±sir \pm si with s0s \ne 0 and r2+s2=400r^2 + s^2 = 400 or 169.169. Expanding (zk)(z22rz+(r2+s2))(z - k)\bigl(z^2 - 2rz + (r^2 + s^2)\bigr) shows the coefficients are (2r+k),-(2r + k), r2+s2+2rk,r^2 + s^2 + 2rk, and (r2+s2)k,-(r^2 + s^2)k, which are all integers exactly when 2r2r is an integer. On the circle of radius 2020 we need r<20,|r| \lt 20, allowing 2r{39,,39}:2r \in \{-39, \ldots, 39\}: 7979 choices; on the circle of radius 13,13, 2r{25,,25}:2r \in \{-25, \ldots, 25\}: 5151 choices. With 44 choices of k,k, that gives 4(79+51)=5204(79 + 51) = 520 polynomials, each distinct since the roots determine the polynomial.

In total there are 20+520=54020 + 520 = 540 such polynomials.

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