2013 AIME II 第 10 题

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10.

给定一个半径为 13\sqrt{13} 的圆,设 AA 是到圆心 OO 距离为 4+134 + \sqrt{13} 的一点。设 BB 是圆上离点 AA 最近的点。一条过点 AA 的直线与圆交于点 KKLLBKL\triangle BKL 的最大可能面积可写成 abcd\frac{a - b\sqrt{c}}{d},其中 aabbccdd 是正整数,aadd 互质,且 cc 不被任何质数平方整除。求 a+b+c+da + b + c + d

Given a circle of radius 13,\sqrt{13}, let AA be a point at a distance 4+134 + \sqrt{13} from the center OO of the circle. Let BB be the point on the circle nearest to point A.A. A line passing through the point AA intersects the circle at points KK and L.L. The maximum possible area for BKL\triangle BKL can be written in the form abcd,\frac{a - b\sqrt{c}}{d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers, aa and dd are relatively prime, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c+d.a + b + c + d.

答案:146
知识点:三角形面积最优化
难度评级:2840
解答:

最近点 BB 在线段 OAOA 上,满足 OB=13OB = \sqrt{13}AB=4AB = 4。三角形 OKLOKLBKLBKL 共用底边 KLKL,它们的高分别是 OOBB 到过 AA 的那条直线的距离。对直线 OAOA 上任意一点 PP,该距离为 PAsinφPA\sin\varphi,其中 φ\varphi 是两条直线的夹角,所以 [BKL][OKL]=ABAO=44+13.\frac{[BKL]}{[OKL]} = \frac{AB}{AO} = \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}}.

因为 OK=OL=13OK = OL = \sqrt{13},所以 [OKL]=132sin(KOL)132[OKL] = \frac{13}{2}\sin(\angle KOL) \le \frac{13}{2},等号在 KOL=90\angle KOL = 90^\circ 时成立。这样的弦到 OO 的距离为 13/2\sqrt{13/2},小于 OAOA,所以某条过 AA 的直线能够实现它。

最大面积为 所以 a+b+c+da + b + c + d =104+26+13+3= 104 + 26 + 13 + 3 =146= 146[BKL]=13244+13=264+13=26(413)3=10426133, \begin{aligned} [BKL] &= \frac{13}{2} \cdot \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}} \\ &= \frac{26}{4 + \sqrt{13}} = \frac{26(4 - \sqrt{13})}{3} \\ &= \frac{104 - 26\sqrt{13}}{3}, \end{aligned}

The nearest point BB lies on segment OAOA with OB=13OB = \sqrt{13} and AB=4.AB = 4. Triangles OKLOKL and BKLBKL share the base KL,KL, and their heights are the distances from OO and BB to the line through A.A. For any point PP on line OA,OA, that distance is PAsinφ,PA\sin\varphi, where φ\varphi is the angle between the two lines, so [BKL][OKL]=ABAO=44+13.\frac{[BKL]}{[OKL]} = \frac{AB}{AO} = \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}}.

Since OK=OL=13,OK = OL = \sqrt{13}, we have [OKL]=132sin(KOL)132,[OKL] = \frac{13}{2}\sin(\angle KOL) \le \frac{13}{2}, with equality when KOL=90.\angle KOL = 90^\circ. Such a chord lies at distance 13/2\sqrt{13/2} from O,O, which is less than OA,OA, so a line through AA can achieve it.

The maximum area is [BKL]=13244+13=264+13=26(413)3=10426133, \begin{aligned} [BKL] &= \frac{13}{2} \cdot \frac{4}{4 + \sqrt{13}} \\ &= \frac{26}{4 + \sqrt{13}} = \frac{26(4 - \sqrt{13})}{3} \\ &= \frac{104 - 26\sqrt{13}}{3}, \end{aligned} so a+b+c+da + b + c + d =104+26+13+3= 104 + 26 + 13 + 3 =146.= 146.

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