2012 AIME II 第 12 题

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12.

对正整数 pp,如果正整数 nnpp 的任意倍数之差的绝对值都大于 22,就称 nnpp-安全数。例如,1010-安全数的集合为 {3,4,5,6,7,13,14,15\{3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 1516,17,23,}16, 17, 23, \ldots\}。求不超过 10,00010{,}000 且同时为 77-安全数、1111-安全数和 1313-安全数的正整数个数。

For a positive integer p,p, define the positive integer nn to be pp-safe if nn differs in absolute value by more than 22 from all multiples of p.p. For example, the set of 1010-safe numbers is {3,4,5,6,7,13,14,15,\{3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16,17,23,}.16, 17, 23, \ldots\}. Find the number of positive integers less than or equal to 10,00010{,}000 which are simultaneously 77-safe, 1111-safe, and 1313-safe.

答案:958
知识点:模运算中国剩余定理
难度评级:2920
解答:

是否为 pp-安全数只取决于 nmodpn \bmod p:它要求 3nmodpp33 \le n \bmod p \le p - 3。模 7722 个允许的余数,模 111166 个,模 131388 个。由于 71113=10017 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 = 1001,由中国剩余定理,模 10011001 恰好有 268=962 \cdot 6 \cdot 8 = 96 个安全余数,所以每个连续 10011001 个整数块含有 9696 个安全数。

整数 111001010010 构成十个这样的块,含有 960960 个安全数。还需要去掉 10001,,1001010001, \ldots, 10010 中的安全数。它们模 77 的余数依次为 5,6,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,05, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0,所以只有 1000610006100071000777-安全的;它们也都是 1111-安全的(余数为 7788)且是 1313-安全的(余数为 991010)。

因此计数为 9602=958960 - 2 = 958

Being pp-safe depends only on nmodp:n \bmod p: it requires 3nmodpp3.3 \le n \bmod p \le p - 3. That allows 22 residues modulo 7,7, 66 residues modulo 11,11, and 88 residues modulo 13.13. Since 71113=1001,7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 = 1001, the Chinese remainder theorem gives exactly 268=962 \cdot 6 \cdot 8 = 96 safe residues modulo 1001,1001, so each block of 10011001 consecutive integers contains 9696 safe numbers.

The integers 11 through 1001010010 form ten such blocks, containing 960960 safe numbers. It remains to discard the safe numbers among 10001,,10010.10001, \ldots, 10010. Their residues modulo 77 run 5,6,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,0,5, 6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 0, so only 1000610006 and 1000710007 are 77-safe; both are also 1111-safe (residues 77 and 88) and 1313-safe (residues 99 and 1010).

Therefore the count is 9602=958.960 - 2 = 958.

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