2010 AIME II 第 8 题

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8.

NN 是满足以下性质的非空集合 A\mathcal{A}B\mathcal{B} 的有序对数:• AB\mathcal{A} \cup \mathcal{B} ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}\small = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12\},• AB=\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} = \emptyset,• A\mathcal{A} 的元素个数不属于 A\mathcal{A},• B\mathcal{B} 的元素个数不属于 B\mathcal{B}。求 NN

Let NN be the number of ordered pairs of nonempty sets A\mathcal{A} and B\mathcal{B} that have the following properties: • AB\mathcal{A} \cup \mathcal{B} ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12},\small = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12\},AB=,\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} = \emptyset, • the number of elements of A\mathcal{A} is not an element of A,\mathcal{A}, • the number of elements of B\mathcal{B} is not an element of B.\mathcal{B}. Find N.N.

答案:772
知识点:子集组合补集计数
难度评级:2520
解答:

k=Ak = |\mathcal{A}|,则 B=12k|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k,其中 1k111 \le k \le 11。 因为每个元素恰好属于一个集合,kAk \notin \mathcal{A} 意味着 kBk \in \mathcal{B}, 而 12kB12 - k \notin \mathcal{B} 意味着 12kA12 - k \in \mathcal{A}。若 k=6k = 6, 则 66 必须同时属于两个集合,这是不可能的,所以 k6k \ne 6

对其他每个 kk,元素 kk12k12 - k 已经放好,A\mathcal{A} 中剩下的 k1k - 1 个元素可从其他 1010 个数中选出,有 (10k1)\binom{10}{k-1} 种方式, B\mathcal{B} 取其余元素。因此 N=k=111(10k1)(105)=210252=772. \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{11} \binom{10}{k-1} - \binom{10}{5} \\ &= 2^{10} - 252 = 772. \end{aligned}

Let k=A,k = |\mathcal{A}|, so B=12k|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k with 1k11.1 \le k \le 11. Since every element lies in exactly one set, kAk \notin \mathcal{A} means kB,k \in \mathcal{B}, and 12kB12 - k \notin \mathcal{B} means 12kA.12 - k \in \mathcal{A}. If k=6,k = 6, then 66 would have to belong to both sets, which is impossible, so k6.k \ne 6.

For each other k,k, the elements kk and 12k12 - k are already placed, and the remaining k1k - 1 elements of A\mathcal{A} can be chosen from the other 1010 numbers in (10k1)\binom{10}{k-1} ways, with B\mathcal{B} taking the rest. Hence N=k=111(10k1)(105)=210252=772. \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{11} \binom{10}{k-1} - \binom{10}{5} \\ &= 2^{10} - 252 = 772. \end{aligned}

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