2008 AIME I 第 14 题

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14.

AB\overline{AB} 是圆 ω\omega 的一条直径。将 AB\overline{AB} 经过 AA 延长到 CC。点 TTω\omega 上,使得直线 CTCTω\omega 相切。点 PP 是从 AA 到直线 CTCT 的垂足。已知 AB=18AB = 18,令 mm 表示线段 BPBP 的最大可能长度。求 m2m^2

Let AB\overline{AB} be a diameter of circle ω.\omega. Extend AB\overline{AB} through AA to C.C. Point TT lies on ω\omega so that line CTCT is tangent to ω.\omega. Point PP is the foot of the perpendicular from AA to line CT.CT. Suppose AB=18,AB = 18, and let mm denote the maximum possible length of segment BP.BP. Find m2.m^2.

答案:432
知识点:坐标几何切线二次方程最优化
难度评级:3270
解答:

将圆心 OO 放在原点,半径为 99,则 A=(9,0)A = (-9, 0)B=(9,0)B = (9, 0)。若切点为 T=(9cost,9sint)T = (9\cos t, 9\sin t),切线为 xcost+ysint=9x\cos t + y\sin t = 9;它与 xx 轴交于 C=(9/cost,0)C = (9/\cos t, 0),而该交点位于 AA 的外侧当且仅当 1<cost<0-1 \lt \cos t \lt 0。记 u=costu = \cos t,从 AA 到该直线的有向距离为 9u9-9u - 9,所以垂足为 P=A+9(1+u)(cost,sint)P = A + 9(1 + u)(\cos t, \sin t)

于是 PBP - B == (9(u2+u2), 9(1+u)sint)\bigl(9(u^2 + u - 2),\ 9(1 + u)\sin t\bigr)。利用 sin2t=1u2\sin^2 t = 1 - u^2 可得 BP281=(u2+u2)2+(1+u)2(1u2)=52u3u2. \begin{aligned} \frac{BP^2}{81} &= (u^2 + u - 2)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (1 + u)^2(1 - u^2) \\ &= 5 - 2u - 3u^2. \end{aligned} 这个关于 uu 的二次式在 u=13u = -\frac{1}{3} 处取最大值,该值在 (1,0)(-1, 0) 内(此时 C=(27,0)C = (-27, 0)),给出 BP281=5+2313=163\frac{BP^2}{81} = 5 + \frac{2}{3} - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{16}{3}

因此 m2=81163=432m^2 = 81 \cdot \frac{16}{3} = 432

Place the center OO at the origin with radius 9,9, so A=(9,0)A = (-9, 0) and B=(9,0).B = (9, 0). If the point of tangency is T=(9cost,9sint),T = (9\cos t, 9\sin t), the tangent line is xcost+ysint=9;x\cos t + y\sin t = 9; it meets the xx-axis at C=(9/cost,0),C = (9/\cos t, 0), which lies beyond AA exactly when 1<cost<0.-1 \lt \cos t \lt 0. Writing u=cost,u = \cos t, the signed distance from AA to the line is 9u9,-9u - 9, so the foot of the perpendicular is P=A+9(1+u)(cost,sint).P = A + 9(1 + u)(\cos t, \sin t).

Then PBP - B == (9(u2+u2), 9(1+u)sint),\bigl(9(u^2 + u - 2),\ 9(1 + u)\sin t\bigr), and using sin2t=1u2:\sin^2 t = 1 - u^2: BP281=(u2+u2)2+(1+u)2(1u2)=52u3u2. \begin{aligned} \frac{BP^2}{81} &= (u^2 + u - 2)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (1 + u)^2(1 - u^2) \\ &= 5 - 2u - 3u^2. \end{aligned} This quadratic in uu is maximized at u=13,u = -\frac{1}{3}, which is inside (1,0)(-1, 0) (there C=(27,0)C = (-27, 0)), giving BP281=5+2313=163.\frac{BP^2}{81} = 5 + \frac{2}{3} - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{16}{3}.

Therefore m2=81163=432.m^2 = 81 \cdot \frac{16}{3} = 432.

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