2007 AIME II 第 10 题

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10.

SS 为一个有六个元素的集合。令 P\mathcal{P}SS 的所有子集组成的集合。集合 SS 的子集 AABB(不一定不同)从 P\mathcal{P} 中独立随机选取。BB 被包含在 AASAS - A 中至少一个集合内的概率为 mnr\frac{m}{n^r}, 其中 mmnnrr 是正整数, nn 是质数,且 mmnn 互质。求 m+n+rm + n + r。(集合 SAS - ASS 中不属于 AA 的所有元素组成的集合。)

Let SS be a set with six elements. Let P\mathcal{P} be the set of all subsets of S.S. Subsets AA and BB of S,S, not necessarily distinct, are chosen independently and at random from P.\mathcal{P}. The probability that BB is contained in at least one of AA or SAS - A is mnr,\frac{m}{n^r}, where m,m, n,n, and rr are positive integers, nn is prime, and mm and nn are relatively prime. Find m+n+r.m + n + r. (The set SAS - A is the set of all elements of SS which are not in A.A.)

答案:710
知识点:子集基本概率容斥原理二项式定理
难度评级:2840
解答:

固定一个满足 A=k|A| = k 的集合 AA。有 2k2^k 个子集满足 BAB \subseteq A,有 26k2^{6-k} 个子集满足 BSAB \subseteq S - A,且只有空集被重复计算,所以成功的 BB2k+26k12^k + 2^{6-k} - 1 种。因为大小为 kk 的集合 AA(6k)\binom{6}{k} 个,且 AABB 各有 262^6 种选择,所以概率为 1212k=06(6k)(2k+26k1)=23626212, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2^{12}}\sum_{k=0}^{6} \binom{6}{k}\left(2^k + 2^{6-k} - 1\right) \\ &= \frac{2 \cdot 3^6 - 2^6}{2^{12}}, \end{aligned} 这里用到了 k(6k)2k=k(6k)26k\sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^k = \sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^{6-k} =(1+2)6=36= (1+2)^6 = 3^6

化简为 3625211=697211\frac{3^6 - 2^5}{2^{11}} = \frac{697}{2^{11}}。因为 697=1741697 = 17 \cdot 41 是奇数,所以 m=697m = 697n=2n = 2r=11r = 11, 因而 m+n+r=710m + n + r = 710

Fix AA with A=k.|A| = k. There are 2k2^k subsets BAB \subseteq A and 26k2^{6-k} subsets BSA,B \subseteq S - A, and only the empty set is counted twice, so 2k+26k12^k + 2^{6-k} - 1 choices of BB succeed. Since there are (6k)\binom{6}{k} sets AA of size kk and 262^6 choices for each of AA and B,B, the probability is 1212k=06(6k)(2k+26k1)=23626212, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2^{12}}\sum_{k=0}^{6} \binom{6}{k}\left(2^k + 2^{6-k} - 1\right) \\ &= \frac{2 \cdot 3^6 - 2^6}{2^{12}}, \end{aligned} using k(6k)2k=k(6k)26k\sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^k = \sum_k \binom{6}{k} 2^{6-k} =(1+2)6=36.= (1+2)^6 = 3^6.

This simplifies to 3625211=697211.\frac{3^6 - 2^5}{2^{11}} = \frac{697}{2^{11}}. Since 697=1741697 = 17 \cdot 41 is odd, we take m=697,m = 697, n=2,n = 2, r=11,r = 11, and m+n+r=710.m + n + r = 710.

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