2004 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

考虑一个由 nn77 组成的字符串 7777777777\ldots77,在其中插入 ++ 号可以得到一个算式。例如,由八个 77 可以得到 7+77+777+7+7=8757 + 77 + 777 + 7 + 7 = 875。有多少个 nn 的取值,能通过插入 ++ 号使所得算式的值为 70007000

Consider a string of nn 77's, 777777,7777\ldots77, into which ++ signs are inserted to produce an arithmetic expression. For example, 7+77+777+7+7=8757 + 77 + 777 + 7 + 7 = 875 could be obtained from eight 77's in this way. For how many values of nn is it possible to insert ++ signs so that the resulting expression has value 7000?7000?

答案:108
知识点:丢番图方程数字分类讨论
难度评级:3270
解答:

除以 77 后,各项只能是 111111111111(再长的 1111>10001111 \gt 1000),而目标变为 10001000。设 xxyyzz 分别为这三种项的个数,则 x+11y+111z=1000x + 11y + 111z = 1000,且 n=x+2y+3zn = x + 2y + 3z。相减得 n=10009(y+12z),n = 1000 - 9(y + 12z), 所以可能的 nn 与可达到的 v=y+12zv = y + 12z 值一一对应。

约束为 z9z \le 9,且 0y1000111z110 \le y \le \frac{1000 - 111z}{11}(这样 x0x \ge 0)。当 z=0,1,,9z = 0, 1, \ldots, 9 时,v=y+12zv = y + 12z 的取值区间分别为 [0,90][0, 90][12,92][12, 92][24,94][24, 94][36,96][36, 96][48,98][48, 98][60,100][60, 100][72,102][72, 102][84,104][84, 104][96,106][96, 106],以及 {108}\{108\}(当 z=9z = 9 时只有 y=0y = 0 可行)。它们的并集是从 00106106 的所有整数,再加上 108108;只有 107107 不可达到。

因此 vv107+1=108107 + 1 = 108 个取值,n=10009vn = 1000 - 9v 也有 108108 个取值。

Dividing by 77 turns the summands into 1,1, 11,11, or 111111 (no longer summand fits, since 1111>10001111 \gt 1000) and the target into 1000.1000. If x,x, y,y, zz count the summands of each size, then x+11y+111z=1000x + 11y + 111z = 1000 and n=x+2y+3z.n = x + 2y + 3z. Subtracting gives n=10009(y+12z),n = 1000 - 9(y + 12z), so the possible nn correspond exactly to the attainable values of v=y+12z.v = y + 12z.

The constraints are z9z \le 9 and 0y1000111z110 \le y \le \frac{1000 - 111z}{11} (then x0x \ge 0 follows). For z=0,1,,9z = 0, 1, \ldots, 9 the value v=y+12zv = y + 12z ranges over the intervals [0,90],[0, 90], [12,92],[12, 92], [24,94],[24, 94], [36,96],[36, 96], [48,98],[48, 98], [60,100],[60, 100], [72,102],[72, 102], [84,104],[84, 104], [96,106],[96, 106], and {108}\{108\} (when z=9,z = 9, only y=0y = 0 fits). Their union is every integer from 00 to 106106 together with 108;108; only 107107 is unattainable.

So vv takes 107+1=108107 + 1 = 108 values, and n=10009vn = 1000 - 9v takes 108108 values.

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