1999 AIME 第 8 题

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8.

T\mathcal{T} 为所有位于平面 x+y+z=1x + y + z = 1 上的非负实数有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 的集合。如果 xax \ge ayby \ge bzcz \ge c 这三个条件中恰有两个成立,就称 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 支持 (a,b,c)(a, b, c)。令 S\mathcal{S}T\mathcal{T} 中所有支持 (12,13,16)\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{6}\right) 的三元组。S\mathcal{S} 的面积与 T\mathcal{T} 的面积之比为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let T\mathcal{T} be the set of ordered triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z) of nonnegative real numbers that lie in the plane x+y+z=1.x + y + z = 1. Let us say that (x,y,z)(x, y, z) supports (a,b,c)(a, b, c) when exactly two of the following are true: xa,x \ge a, yb,y \ge b, zc.z \ge c. Let S\mathcal{S} consist of those triples in T\mathcal{T} that support (12,13,16).\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{6}\right). The area of S\mathcal{S} divided by the area of T\mathcal{T} is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:25
知识点:面积比相似分类讨论
难度评级:2450
解答:

T\mathcal{T} 是顶点为 (1,0,0)(1,0,0)(0,1,0)(0,1,0)(0,0,1)(0,0,1) 的三角形。因为 12+13+16=1=x+y+z\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1 = x + y + z, 只要 x12x \ge \frac{1}{2}y13y \ge \frac{1}{3}z16z \ge \frac{1}{6} 中有两个成立,第三个只能在零面积的边界线上成立。 因此除去零面积边界后,S\mathcal{S} 是三个区域的并,每个区域对应于某一对不等式成立。

对于 x12x \ge \frac{1}{2}y13y \ge \frac{1}{3} 的区域,代入 x=12+xx = \frac{1}{2} + x'y=13+yy = \frac{1}{3} + y' 后,得到一个坐标和为 11213=161 - \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{1}{6}T\mathcal{T} 的副本,也就是与 T\mathcal{T} 相似、相似比为 16\frac{1}{6} 的三角形,其面积为 T\mathcal{T} 面积的 (16)2\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2。同理,{x,z}\{x, z\}{y,z}\{y, z\} 两对给出的相似三角形的相似比分别为 13\frac{1}{3}12\frac{1}{2}

面积比为 所以 m+n=7+18=25m + n = 7 + 18 = 25136+19+14=1+4+936=718, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{36} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1 + 4 + 9}{36} \\ &= \frac{7}{18}, \end{aligned}

T\mathcal{T} is the triangle with vertices (1,0,0),(1,0,0), (0,1,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1).(0,0,1). Because 12+13+16=1=x+y+z,\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1 = x + y + z, whenever two of the inequalities x12,x \ge \frac{1}{2}, y13,y \ge \frac{1}{3}, z16z \ge \frac{1}{6} hold, the third can hold only on a boundary segment of zero area. So S\mathcal{S} is, up to measure zero, the union of the three regions where a specific pair of inequalities holds.

The region with x12x \ge \frac{1}{2} and y13y \ge \frac{1}{3} becomes, after substituting x=12+xx = \frac{1}{2} + x' and y=13+y,y = \frac{1}{3} + y', a copy of T\mathcal{T} with coordinate sum 11213=16,1 - \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{1}{6}, i.e. a triangle similar to T\mathcal{T} with ratio 16\frac{1}{6} and area (16)2\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 of T.\mathcal{T}. Likewise the pairs {x,z}\{x, z\} and {y,z}\{y, z\} give similar triangles with ratios 13\frac{1}{3} and 12.\frac{1}{2}.

The ratio of areas is 136+19+14=1+4+936=718, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{36} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1 + 4 + 9}{36} \\ &= \frac{7}{18}, \end{aligned} so m+n=7+18=25.m + n = 7 + 18 = 25.

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