1998 AIME 第 10 题

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10.

八个半径为 100100 的球放在一个平面上,使得每个球都与另外两个球相切,并且它们的球心是一个正八边形的顶点。第九个球也放在这个平面上,并且与其他八个球都相切。这个最后放入的球的半径为 a+bca + b\sqrt{c},其中 aabbcc 是正整数,且 cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Eight spheres of radius 100100 are placed on a flat surface so that each sphere is tangent to two others and their centers are the vertices of a regular octagon. A ninth sphere is placed on the flat surface so that it is tangent to each of the other eight spheres. The radius of this last sphere is a+bc,a + b\sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:152
知识点:立体几何正多边形勾股定理
难度评级:2510
解答:

八个球心高度均为 100100,位于边长为 200200 的正八边形顶点上,因为相邻球相切。若第九个球半径为 rr,则它放在平面上,球心在八边形中心正上方,高度为 rr。它与每个球相切,给出 R2+(r100)2=r+100\sqrt{R^2 + (r - 100)^2} = r + 100,其中 RR 是八边形的外接圆半径。因此 R2=(r+100)2(r100)2=400r. \begin{aligned} R^2 &= (r + 100)^2 - (r - 100)^2 \\ &= 400r. \end{aligned}

正八边形的一条边在圆心处所对圆心角为 4545^\circ,所以 200=2Rsin22.5200 = 2R \sin 22.5^\circ。利用 sin222.5=1cos452=224\sin^2 22.5^\circ = \frac{1 - \cos 45^\circ}{2} = \frac{2 - \sqrt{2}}{4},得 R2=10000sin222.5=4000022=20000(2+2). \begin{aligned} R^2 &= \frac{10000}{\sin^2 22.5^\circ} \\ &= \frac{40000}{2 - \sqrt{2}} \\ &= 20000\,(2 + \sqrt{2}). \end{aligned}

于是 r=R2400r = \frac{R^2}{400} =50(2+2)= 50\,(2 + \sqrt{2}) =100+502= 100 + 50\sqrt{2},所以 a+b+c=100+50+2=152a + b + c = 100 + 50 + 2 = 152

The eight centers are at height 100,100, at the vertices of a regular octagon of side 200200 (adjacent spheres are tangent). If the ninth sphere has radius r,r, it rests on the surface with its center at height rr directly above the octagon's center, and tangency to each sphere gives R2+(r100)2=r+100,\sqrt{R^2 + (r - 100)^2} = r + 100, where RR is the octagon's circumradius. Hence R2=(r+100)2(r100)2=400r. \begin{aligned} R^2 &= (r + 100)^2 - (r - 100)^2 \\ &= 400r. \end{aligned}

A side of a regular octagon subtends 4545^\circ at the center, so 200=2Rsin22.5200 = 2R \sin 22.5^\circ and, using sin222.5=1cos452=224,\sin^2 22.5^\circ = \frac{1 - \cos 45^\circ}{2} = \frac{2 - \sqrt{2}}{4}, R2=10000sin222.5=4000022=20000(2+2). \begin{aligned} R^2 &= \frac{10000}{\sin^2 22.5^\circ} \\ &= \frac{40000}{2 - \sqrt{2}} \\ &= 20000\,(2 + \sqrt{2}). \end{aligned}

Then r=R2400r = \frac{R^2}{400} =50(2+2)= 50\,(2 + \sqrt{2}) =100+502,= 100 + 50\sqrt{2}, so a+b+c=100+50+2=152.a + b + c = 100 + 50 + 2 = 152.

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