1977 AMC 12 真题

向下滚动并点击“开始”即可作答!或前往可打印 PDF答案,或由 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 精心整理的专业解答

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

或直接跳转到某一道题及其解答: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30

想通过互动视频课程系统学习吗?

了解 LIVE课程

计时

1:15:00

1.

y=2xy=2x,且 z=2yz=2y,则 x+y+zx+y+z 等于

If y=2xy=2x and z=2y,z=2y, then x+y+zx+y+z equals

xx

3x3x

5x5x

7x7x

9x9x

答案:D
知识点:换元法代数变形
难度评级:800
小提示:

把每一项都用 xx 表示

Express every term in terms of xx

大提示:

先利用 y=2xy=2x 得到 z=4xz=4x

Use y=2xy=2x first to obtain z=4xz=4x

解答:

因为 y=2xy=2x,所以 z=2y=4xz=2y=4x。因此 x+y+z=x+2x+4x=7xx+y+z=x+2x+4x=7x

因此,正确答案是 D

Since y=2x,y=2x, we have z=2y=4x.z=2y=4x. Therefore x+y+z=x+2x+4x=7x.x+y+z=x+2x+4x=7x.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

2.

下列哪一项陈述是错误的?所有等边三角形都是

Which one of the following statements is false? All equilateral triangles are

等角三角形

equiangular

等腰三角形

isosceles

正多边形

regular polygons

彼此全等的三角形

congruent to each other

彼此相似的三角形

similar to each other

答案:D
难度评级:890
小提示:

区分由角决定的性质和由大小决定的性质

Separate properties determined by angles from properties determined by size

大提示:

比较两个边长不同的等边三角形

Compare two equilateral triangles having different side lengths

解答:

每个等边三角形都是等角三角形、等腰三角形和正多边形,并且与任意其他等边三角形相似。然而,边长不同的两个等边三角形并不全等。

因此,正确答案是 D

Every equilateral triangle is equiangular, isosceles, regular, and similar to every other equilateral triangle. Two equilateral triangles with different side lengths are not congruent, however.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

3.

一名男子共有价值 $2.73\$2.73 的一美分、五美分、十美分、二十五美分和五十美分硬币。若每种硬币的枚数相同,则他共有多少枚硬币?

A man has $2.73\$2.73 in pennies, nickels, dimes, quarters and half dollars. If he has an equal number of coins of each kind, then the total number of coins he has is

33

55

99

1010

1515

答案:E
知识点:钱币一次方程
难度评级:1060
小提示:

求这五种硬币各取一枚时的总价值

Find the value of one coin of each of the five types

大提示:

每组五枚硬币共值 9191 美分

The five coins in one complete set are worth 9191 cents

解答:

每种硬币各取一枚,共值 1+5+10+25+50=911+5+10+25+50=91 美分。由于 27391=3\frac{273}{91}=3,五种硬币各有三枚,所以共有 53=155\cdot3=15 枚硬币。

因此,正确答案是 E

One coin of each kind is worth 1+5+10+25+50=911+5+10+25+50=91 cents. Since 27391=3,\frac{273}{91}=3, there are three coins of each of the five kinds, or 53=155\cdot3=15 coins.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

4.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=ACAB=AC,且 A=80\angle A=80^\circ。点 DDEEFF 分别位于边 BCBCACACABAB 上,并且 CE=CDCE=CDBF=BDBF=BD。那么 EDF\angle EDF 等于

In triangle ABC,ABC, AB=ACAB=AC and A=80.\angle A=80^\circ. If points D,D, EE and FF lie on sides BC,BC, ACAC and AB,AB, respectively, and CE=CDCE=CD and BF=BD,BF=BD, then EDF\angle EDF equals

3030^\circ

4040^\circ

5050^\circ

6565^\circ

以上均不正确

none of these

答案:C
难度评级:1690
小提示:

先求出 ABC\triangle ABC 的两个底角

First determine the two base angles of ABC\triangle ABC

大提示:

利用两组已知的等长线段求 EDC\angle EDCBDF\angle BDF

Use the two given equal-length pairs to find EDC\angle EDC and BDF\angle BDF

解答:

ABC\triangle ABC 的两个底角都等于 5050^\circ。因为 CE=CDCE=CD,所以三角形 CEDCED 的顶角为 5050^\circ,从而 EDC=65\angle EDC=65^\circ。同理,BF=BDBF=BD 推出 BDF=65\angle BDF=65^\circ。直线 CBCB 上方的三个角之和为 180180^\circ,所以 EDF=1806565=50 \begin{aligned} \angle EDF&=180^\circ-65^\circ-65^\circ\\ &=50^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The base angles of ABC\triangle ABC are each 50.50^\circ. Since CE=CD,CE=CD, triangle CEDCED has vertex angle 50,50^\circ, so EDC=65.\angle EDC=65^\circ. Similarly, BF=BDBF=BD gives BDF=65.\angle BDF=65^\circ. The three angles above the straight line CBCB sum to 180,180^\circ, so EDF=1806565=50. \begin{aligned} \angle EDF&=180^\circ-65^\circ-65^\circ\\ &=50^\circ. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

5.

所有满足下列条件的点 PP 构成的集合是什么:PP 到两个定点 AABB 的(无向)距离之和等于 AABB 之间的距离?

The set of all points PP such that the sum of the (undirected) distances from PP to two fixed points AA and BB equals the distance between AA and BB is

AABB 的线段

the line segment from AA to BB

经过 AABB 的直线

the line passing through AA and BB

AABB 的线段的垂直平分线

the perpendicular bisector of the line segment from AA to BB

面积为正的椭圆

an ellipse having positive area

一条抛物线

a parabola

答案:A
知识点:三角不等式
难度评级:1140
小提示:

APAPPBPBABAB 应用三角不等式

Apply the triangle inequality to AP,AP, PB,PB, and ABAB

大提示:

回想三角不等式在何时取等号

Recall when equality holds in the triangle inequality

解答:

由三角不等式可得 AP+PBABAP+PB\ge AB。等号成立当且仅当 AAPPBB 共线,且 PP 位于 AABB 之间(包括两个端点)。因此,所求轨迹是从 AABB 的线段。

因此,正确答案是 A

The triangle inequality gives AP+PBAB.AP+PB\ge AB. Equality holds exactly when A,A, P,P, BB are collinear with PP between AA and B,B, including the endpoints. Thus the locus is the segment from AA to B.B.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

6.

xxyy2x+y22x+\frac y2 均不为零,则 (2x+y2)1[(2x)1+(y2)1] \left(2x+\frac y2\right)^{-1}\left[(2x)^{-1}+\left(\frac y2\right)^{-1}\right] 等于

If x,x, yy and 2x+y22x+\frac y2 are not zero, then (2x+y2)1[(2x)1+(y2)1] \left(2x+\frac y2\right)^{-1}\left[(2x)^{-1}+\left(\frac y2\right)^{-1}\right] equals

11

xy1xy^{-1}

x1yx^{-1}y

(xy)1(xy)^{-1}

以上均不正确

none of these

答案:D
知识点:代数变形分数
难度评级:1410
小提示:

把外面的倒数改写成一个分数

Rewrite the outside reciprocal using a single fraction

大提示:

对括号内的两个倒数通分

Combine the two reciprocals inside the brackets over a common denominator

解答:

(2x+y2)1=24x+y,(2x)1+(y2)1=12x+2y=y+4x2xy \begin{aligned} \left(2x+\frac y2\right)^{-1} &=\frac2{4x+y},\\ (2x)^{-1}+\left(\frac y2\right)^{-1} &=\frac1{2x}+\frac2y\\ &=\frac{y+4x}{2xy} \end{aligned}\text{。}两者的乘积为 1xy=(xy)1\frac{1}{xy}=(xy)^{-1}

因此,正确答案是 D

We have (2x+y2)1=24x+y,(2x)1+(y2)1=12x+2y=y+4x2xy. \begin{aligned} \left(2x+\frac y2\right)^{-1} &=\frac2{4x+y},\\ (2x)^{-1}+\left(\frac y2\right)^{-1} &=\frac1{2x}+\frac2y\\ &=\frac{y+4x}{2xy}. \end{aligned} Their product is 1xy=(xy)1.\frac{1}{xy}=(xy)^{-1}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

7.

t=1124t=\dfrac1{1-\sqrt[4]{2}},则 tt 等于

If t=1124,t=\dfrac1{1-\sqrt[4]{2}}, then tt equals

(124)(22)(1-\sqrt[4]{2})(2-\sqrt2)

(124)(1+2)(1-\sqrt[4]{2})(1+\sqrt2)

(1+24)(12)(1+\sqrt[4]{2})(1-\sqrt2)

(1+24)(1+2)(1+\sqrt[4]{2})(1+\sqrt2)

(1+24)(1+2)-(1+\sqrt[4]{2})(1+\sqrt2)

答案:E
难度评级:1860
小提示:

u=24u=\sqrt[4]{2},并利用 u4=2u^4=2

Let u=24u=\sqrt[4]{2} and use u4=2u^4=2

大提示:

u41u^4-1 分解为两个一次因式与一个二次因式的乘积

Factor u41u^4-1 into a linear factor, a second linear factor, and a quadratic factor

解答:

u=24u=\sqrt[4]{2}。由于 (1u)((1+u)(1+u2))=(1u2)(1+u2)=u41=1 \begin{aligned} &(1-u)\bigl(-(1+u)(1+u^2)\bigr)\\ &\qquad=-(1-u^2)(1+u^2)\\ &\qquad=u^4-1=1 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 t=(1+24)(1+2) t=-(1+\sqrt[4]{2})(1+\sqrt2)\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Let u=24.u=\sqrt[4]{2}. Since (1u)((1+u)(1+u2))=(1u2)(1+u2)=u41=1, \begin{aligned} &(1-u)\bigl(-(1+u)(1+u^2)\bigr)\\ &\qquad=-(1-u^2)(1+u^2)\\ &\qquad=u^4-1=1, \end{aligned} it follows that t=(1+24)(1+2). t=-(1+\sqrt[4]{2})(1+\sqrt2).

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

8.

对每个非零实数三元组 (a,b,c)(a,b,c),构造数 aa+bb+cc+abcabc \frac a{|a|}+\frac b{|b|}+\frac c{|c|}+\frac{abc}{|abc|}\text{。}所有可能得到的数所组成的集合是

For every triple (a,b,c)(a,b,c) of nonzero real numbers, form the number aa+bb+cc+abcabc. \frac a{|a|}+\frac b{|b|}+\frac c{|c|}+\frac{abc}{|abc|}. The set of all numbers formed is

{0}\{0\}

{4,0,4}\{-4,0,4\}

{4,2,0,2,4}\{-4,-2,0,2,4\}

{4,2,2,4}\{-4,-2,2,4\}

以上均不正确

none of these

答案:B
难度评级:1440
小提示:

前三个分数中的每一个都等于 111-1

Each of the first three fractions is either 11 or 1-1

大提示:

最后一个分数的符号是前三个符号的乘积

The sign of the final fraction is the product of the first three signs

解答:

rrsst{1,1}t\in\{-1,1\} 分别为 aabbcc 的符号,则该式为 r+s+t+rstr+s+t+rst。三个符号全为正时,式子的值为 44;全为负时,值为 4-4。若正负号混合,直接相消可得 00。因此所求集合为 {4,0,4}\{-4,0,4\}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let r,r, s,s, t{1,1}t\in\{-1,1\} be the signs of a,a, b,b, c.c. The expression is r+s+t+rst.r+s+t+rst. If all three signs are positive it is 4,4, and if all are negative it is 4.-4. If the signs are mixed, direct cancellation gives 0.0. Hence the set is {4,0,4}.\{-4,0,4\}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

9.

在所附图形中,E=40\angle E=40^\circ,且弧 ABAB、弧 BCBC、弧 CDCD 的长度都相等。求 ACD\angle ACD 的度数。

In the adjoining figure E=40\angle E=40^\circ and arc AB,AB, arc BCBC and arc CDCD all have equal length. Find the measure of ACD.\angle ACD.

1010^\circ

1515^\circ

2020^\circ

(452)\left(\frac{45}2\right)^\circ

3030^\circ

答案:B
知识点:圆周角
难度评级:1690
小提示:

用一个变量表示三条等长弧的度数,再用另一个变量表示弧 ADAD 的度数

Assign one variable to each of the three equal arcs and another to arc ADAD

大提示:

同时利用整圆的弧度数之和以及点 EE 处的圆外割线角定理

Use both the full-circle arc sum and the external-secant angle theorem at EE

解答:

设三条弧 ABABBCBCCDCD 的度数均为 xx^\circ,弧 ADAD 的度数为 yy^\circ。于是 3x+y=360,xy2=40 \begin{aligned} 3x+y&=360,\\ \frac{x-y}{2}&=40 \end{aligned}\text{。}解得 y=30y=30。圆周角 ACD\angle ACD 所对的弧是 ADAD,所以其度数为 y2=15\frac{y}{2}=15^\circ

因此,正确答案是 B

Let each of arcs AB,AB, BC,BC, CDCD measure xx^\circ and let arc ADAD measure y.y^\circ. Then 3x+y=360,xy2=40. \begin{aligned} 3x+y&=360,\\ \frac{x-y}{2}&=40. \end{aligned} Solving gives y=30.y=30. The inscribed angle ACD\angle ACD subtends arc AD,AD, so it measures y2=15.\frac{y}{2}=15^\circ.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

10.

(3x1)7=a7x7+a6x6++a0(3x-1)^7=a_7x^7+a_6x^6+\cdots+a_0,则 a7+a6++a0a_7+a_6+\cdots+a_0 等于

If (3x1)7=a7x7+a6x6++a0,(3x-1)^7=a_7x^7+a_6x^6+\cdots+a_0, then a7+a6++a0a_7+a_6+\cdots+a_0 equals

00

11

6464

64-64

128128

答案:E
知识点:多项式换元法
难度评级:1440
小提示:

将多项式代入某个特定值即可得到其系数之和

A polynomial’s coefficient sum is obtained by evaluating it at a particular input

大提示:

在所给恒等式中代入 x=1x=1

Substitute x=1x=1 into the given identity

解答:

x=1x=1,右边便成为所求的系数之和。因此 a7+a6++a0=(311)7=27=128 \begin{aligned} a_7+a_6+\cdots+a_0 &=(3\cdot1-1)^7\\ &=2^7=128 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Setting x=1x=1 makes the right side the desired coefficient sum. Thus a7+a6++a0=(311)7=27=128. \begin{aligned} a_7+a_6+\cdots+a_0 &=(3\cdot1-1)^7\\ &=2^7=128. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

11.

对每个实数 xx,令 [x][x] 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数(即满足 nx<n+1n\le x\lt n+1 的整数 nn)。下列哪些陈述正确?

I\mathrm{I}。对所有 xx,都有 [x+1]=[x]+1[x+1]=[x]+1

II\mathrm{II}。对所有 xxyy,都有 [x+y]=[x]+[y][x+y]=[x]+[y]

III\mathrm{III}。对所有 xxyy,都有 [xy]=[x][y][xy]=[x][y]

For each real number x,x, let [x][x] be the largest integer not exceeding xx (i.e., the integer nn such that nx<n+1n\le x\lt n+1). Which of the following statements is (are) true?

I.\mathrm{I}. [x+1]=[x]+1[x+1]=[x]+1 for all xx

II.\mathrm{II}. [x+y]=[x]+[y][x+y]=[x]+[y] for all xx and yy

III.\mathrm{III}. [xy]=[x][y][xy]=[x][y] for all xx and yy

都不正确

none

只有 I\mathrm{I}

I\mathrm{I} only

只有 I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}

I\mathrm{I} and II\mathrm{II} only

只有 III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III} only

全部正确

all

答案:B
知识点:取整函数反例
难度评级:1530
小提示:

nx<n+1n\le x\lt n+1 直接证明平移性质

Prove the translation statement directly from nx<n+1n\le x\lt n+1

大提示:

1122 之间的非整数检验另外两项陈述

Test the other two claims using noninteger values between 11 and 22

解答:

nx<n+1n\le x\lt n+1,则 n+1x+1<n+2n+1\le x+1\lt n+2,所以 I\mathrm{I} 正确。取 x=y=32x=y=\frac{3}{2},可得 [x+y]=32=[x]+[y][x+y]=3\ne2=[x]+[y][xy]=21=[x][y][xy]=2\ne1=[x][y]。因此 II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III} 错误。

因此,正确答案是 B

If nx<n+1,n\le x\lt n+1, then n+1x+1<n+2,n+1\le x+1\lt n+2, so I\mathrm{I} is true. Taking x=y=32x=y=\frac{3}{2} gives [x+y]=32=[x]+[y][x+y]=3\ne2=[x]+[y] and [xy]=21=[x][y].[xy]=2\ne1=[x][y]. Thus II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} are false.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

12.

Al 的年龄比 Bob 与 Carl 的年龄之和大 1616,且 Al 年龄的平方比 Bob 与 Carl 年龄之和的平方大 16321632。Al、Bob 和 Carl 三人的年龄之和是

Al’s age is 1616 more than the sum of Bob’s age and Carl’s age, and the square of Al’s age is 16321632 more than the square of the sum of Bob’s age and Carl’s age. The sum of the ages of Al, Bob and Carl is

6464

9494

9696

102102

140140

答案:D
难度评级:1360
小提示:

ss 为 Bob 与 Carl 的年龄之和

Let ss be the sum of Bob’s and Carl’s ages

大提示:

分解 a2s2a^2-s^2,并利用 asa-s 的已知值

Factor a2s2a^2-s^2 and use the known value of asa-s

解答:

aa 为 Al 的年龄,ss 为另外两人的年龄之和。于是 as=16a-s=16,且 1632=a2s2=(as)(a+s)=16(a+s) \begin{aligned} 1632&=a^2-s^2\\ &=(a-s)(a+s)\\ &=16(a+s) \end{aligned}\text{。}因此,所求的总年龄 a+sa+s163216=102\frac{1632}{16}=102

因此,正确答案是 D

Let aa be Al’s age and ss the sum of the other two ages. Then as=16a-s=16 and 1632=a2s2=(as)(a+s)=16(a+s). \begin{aligned} 1632&=a^2-s^2\\ &=(a-s)(a+s)\\ &=16(a+s). \end{aligned} Hence the requested total a+sa+s is 163216=102.\frac{1632}{16}=102.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

13.

若正数数列 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldots 对所有正整数 nn 都满足 an+2=anan+1a_{n+2}=a_na_{n+1},则数列 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldots 是等比数列的条件为

If a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, \ldots is a sequence of positive numbers such that an+2=anan+1a_{n+2}=a_na_{n+1} for all positive integers n,n, then the sequence a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, \ldots is a geometric progression

任意正数 a1a_1a2a_2 均可

for all positive values of a1a_1 and a2a_2

当且仅当 a1=a2a_1=a_2

if and only if a1=a2a_1=a_2

当且仅当 a1=1a_1=1

if and only if a1=1a_1=1

当且仅当 a2=1a_2=1

if and only if a2=1a_2=1

当且仅当 a1=a2=1a_1=a_2=1

if and only if a1=a2=1a_1=a_2=1

答案:E
难度评级:1860
小提示:

a1a_1a2a_2 表示 a3a_3a4a_4a5a_5

Write out a3,a_3, a4,a_4, and a5a_5 in terms of a1,a_1, a2a_2

大提示:

令前三个相邻项之比相等,并利用各项为正

Equate the first three successive ratios and use positivity

解答:

接下来的各项为 a3=a1a2a_3=a_1a_2a4=a1a22a_4=a_1a_2^2a5=a12a23a_5=a_1^2a_2^3。若该数列为等比数列,则 a2a1=a3a2=a1,a4a3=a2=a1 \begin{aligned} \frac{a_2}{a_1}&=\frac{a_3}{a_2}=a_1,\\ \frac{a_4}{a_3}&=a_2=a_1 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 a2=a12a_2=a_1^2,且 a2=a1a_2=a_1。由各项为正可知 a1=a2=1a_1=a_2=1。反之,这两个初值会产生常数等比数列 1,1,1,1,1,1,\ldots

因此,正确答案是 E

The next terms are a3=a1a2,a_3=a_1a_2, a4=a1a22,a_4=a_1a_2^2, and a5=a12a23.a_5=a_1^2a_2^3. If the sequence is geometric, then a2a1=a3a2=a1,a4a3=a2=a1. \begin{aligned} \frac{a_2}{a_1}&=\frac{a_3}{a_2}=a_1,\\ \frac{a_4}{a_3}&=a_2=a_1. \end{aligned} Thus a2=a12a_2=a_1^2 and a2=a1.a_2=a_1. Positivity forces a1=a2=1.a_1=a_2=1. Conversely, these initial values produce the constant geometric sequence 1,1,1,.1,1,1,\ldots.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

14.

有多少个整数对 (m,n)(m,n) 满足方程 m+n=mnm+n=mn

How many pairs (m,n)(m,n) of integers satisfy the equation m+n=mn?m+n=mn?

11

22

33

44

多于 44

more than 44

答案:B
难度评级:1650
小提示:

把所有项移到等式一边,再加上 11

Move all terms to one side and add 11

大提示:

将方程化为两个整数的乘积等于 11

Factor the equation into a product of two integers equal to 11

解答:

移项并配成乘积,得到 mnmn=0,(m1)(n1)=1 \begin{aligned} mn-m-n&=0,\\ (m-1)(n-1)&=1 \end{aligned}\text{。}11 的整数因数对为 (1,1)(1,1)(1,1)(-1,-1),分别得到 (m,n)=(2,2)(m,n)=(2,2)(0,0)(0,0)。因此共有两个有序整数对。

因此,正确答案是 B

Rearranging and completing the product gives mnmn=0,(m1)(n1)=1. \begin{aligned} mn-m-n&=0,\\ (m-1)(n-1)&=1. \end{aligned} The integer factor pairs of 11 are (1,1)(1,1) and (1,1),(-1,-1), producing (m,n)=(2,2)(m,n)=(2,2) and (0,0).(0,0). Thus there are two ordered pairs.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

15.

在所附图形中,三个圆两两外切,且三角形的每一边都与其中两个圆相切。若每个圆的半径为三,则三角形的周长为

Each of the three circles in the adjoining figure is externally tangent to the other two, and each side of the triangle is tangent to two of the circles. If each circle has radius three, then the perimeter of the triangle is

36+9236+9\sqrt2

36+6336+6\sqrt3

36+9336+9\sqrt3

18+18318+18\sqrt3

4545

答案:D
难度评级:2080
小提示:

三个圆心构成边长为 66 的等边三角形

The three circle centers form an equilateral triangle of side 66

大提示:

把外侧各边看作平行外移的直线,并比较两个等边三角形的内切圆半径

View the outer sides as parallel offsets and compare the inradii of two equilateral triangles

解答:

三个圆心构成边长为 66 的等边三角形,其内切圆半径为 636=3\frac{6\sqrt3}{6}=\sqrt3。外部三角形的每一边都是向外平移三单位后的平行切线,所以外部三角形的内切圆半径为 3+33+\sqrt3。内切圆半径为 rr 的等边三角形边长为 23r2\sqrt3r,因此外部三角形的每条边长为 23(3+3)=6+63 2\sqrt3(3+\sqrt3)=6+6\sqrt3\text{。}周长为 3(6+63)=18+1833(6+6\sqrt3)=18+18\sqrt3

因此,正确答案是 D

The circle centers form an equilateral triangle of side 6,6, whose inradius is 636=3.\frac{6\sqrt3}{6}=\sqrt3. Each side of the outer triangle is a parallel tangent line three units farther out, so the outer triangle has inradius 3+3.3+\sqrt3. An equilateral triangle of inradius rr has side 23r,2\sqrt3r, hence each outer side is 23(3+3)=6+63. 2\sqrt3(3+\sqrt3)=6+6\sqrt3. The perimeter is 3(6+63)=18+183.3(6+6\sqrt3)=18+18\sqrt3.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

16.

i2=1i^2=-1,则和 cos45+icos135++incos(45+90n)++i40cos3645 \begin{aligned} &\cos45^\circ+i\cos135^\circ+\cdots\\ &\quad+i^n\cos(45+90n)^\circ+\cdots\\ &\quad+i^{40}\cos3645^\circ \end{aligned} 等于

If i2=1,i^2=-1, then the sum cos45+icos135++incos(45+90n)++i40cos3645 \begin{aligned} &\cos45^\circ+i\cos135^\circ+\cdots\\ &\quad+i^n\cos(45+90n)^\circ+\cdots\\ &\quad+i^{40}\cos3645^\circ \end{aligned} equals

22\frac{\sqrt2}{2}

10i2-10i\sqrt2

2122\frac{21\sqrt2}{2}

22(2120i)\frac{\sqrt2}{2}(21-20i)

22(21+20i)\frac{\sqrt2}{2}(21+20i)

答案:D
难度评级:2110
小提示:

比较下标为 n+2n+2 的项与下标为 nn 的项

Compare the term indexed by n+2n+2 with the term indexed by nn

大提示:

分别数出从 004040 的偶数下标和奇数下标

Count the even and odd indices from 00 through 4040

解答:

un=incos(45+90n)u_n=i^n\cos(45+90n)^\circ。则 un+2=in+2cos(225+90n)=(in)(cos(45+90n))=un \begin{aligned} u_{n+2} &=i^{n+2}\cos(225+90n)^\circ\\ &=(-i^n)(-\cos(45+90n)^\circ)\\ &=u_n \end{aligned}\text{。}每个偶数下标的项都等于 22\frac{\sqrt2}{2},每个奇数下标的项都等于 i22-\frac{i\sqrt2}{2}。共有 2121 个偶数下标和 2020 个奇数下标,所以总和为 22(2120i)\frac{\sqrt2}{2}(21-20i)

因此,正确答案是 D

Let un=incos(45+90n).u_n=i^n\cos(45+90n)^\circ. Then un+2=in+2cos(225+90n)=(in)(cos(45+90n))=un. \begin{aligned} u_{n+2} &=i^{n+2}\cos(225+90n)^\circ\\ &=(-i^n)(-\cos(45+90n)^\circ)\\ &=u_n. \end{aligned} Every even-indexed term equals 22,\frac{\sqrt2}{2}, and every odd-indexed term equals i22.-\frac{i\sqrt2}{2}. There are 2121 even indices and 2020 odd indices, so the sum is 22(2120i).\frac{\sqrt2}{2}(21-20i).

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

17.

随机掷三枚公平的骰子(即每个面朝上的概率相同)。所得的三个数能够重新排列成公差为一的等差数列的概率是多少?

Three fair dice are tossed at random (i.e., all faces have the same probability of coming up). What is the probability that the three numbers turned up can be arranged to form an arithmetic progression with common difference one?

16\frac16

19\frac19

127\frac1{27}

154\frac1{54}

736\frac7{36}

答案:B
难度评级:1590
小提示:

列出由三个连续点数组成的所有可能集合

List the possible three-element sets of consecutive die values

大提示:

636^3 个有序结果中,每个符合条件的集合都有六种排列

Each qualifying set has six orderings among the 636^3 ordered outcomes

解答:

可能的集合为 {1,2,3}\{1,2,3\}{2,3,4}\{2,3,4\}{3,4,5}\{3,4,5\}{4,5,6}\{4,5,6\}。每个集合都有 3!=63!=6 种排列,因此在 63=2166^3=216 个结果中,有 2424 个符合条件。所求概率为 24216=19\frac{24}{216}=\frac{1}{9}

因此,正确答案是 B

The possible sets are {1,2,3},\{1,2,3\}, {2,3,4},\{2,3,4\}, {3,4,5},\{3,4,5\}, and {4,5,6}.\{4,5,6\}. Each has 3!=63!=6 orderings, so 2424 of the 63=2166^3=216 outcomes work. The probability is 24216=19.\frac{24}{216}=\frac{1}{9}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

18.

y=(log23)(log34)(logn[n+1])(log3132) \begin{aligned} y={}&(\log_2 3)(\log_3 4)\cdots\\ &(\log_n[n+1])\cdots(\log_{31}32) \end{aligned}\text{,}

If y=(log23)(log34)(logn[n+1])(log3132), \begin{aligned} y={}&(\log_2 3)(\log_3 4)\cdots\\ &(\log_n[n+1])\cdots(\log_{31}32), \end{aligned} then

4<y<54\lt y\lt5

y=5y=5

5<y<65\lt y\lt6

y=6y=6

6<y<76\lt y\lt7

答案:B
知识点:对数裂项相消
难度评级:1860
小提示:

将每个对数都换成同一底数

Rewrite every logarithm using the same base

大提示:

乘积中相邻的分子与分母会约去

Adjacent numerators and denominators cancel in the product

解答:

由换底公式,y=log3log2log4log3log32log31=log32log2=log232=5 \begin{aligned} y&=\frac{\log 3}{\log2}\cdot \frac{\log4}{\log3}\cdots \frac{\log32}{\log31}\\ &=\frac{\log32}{\log2}\\ &=\log_2 32=5 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

By change of base, y=log3log2log4log3log32log31=log32log2=log232=5. \begin{aligned} y&=\frac{\log 3}{\log2}\cdot \frac{\log4}{\log3}\cdots \frac{\log32}{\log31}\\ &=\frac{\log32}{\log2}\\ &=\log_2 32=5. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

19.

EE 为凸四边形 ABCDABCD 的两条对角线的交点,PPQQRRSS 分别为三角形 ABEABEBCEBCECDECDEADEADE 的外接圆圆心。则

Let EE be the point of intersection of the diagonals of convex quadrilateral ABCD,ABCD, and let P,P, Q,Q, RR and SS be the centers of the circles circumscribing triangles ABE,ABE, BCE,BCE, CDECDE and ADE,ADE, respectively. Then

PQRSPQRS 是平行四边形

PQRSPQRS is a parallelogram

PQRSPQRS 是平行四边形,当且仅当 ABCDABCD 是菱形

PQRSPQRS is a parallelogram if and only if ABCDABCD is a rhombus

PQRSPQRS 是平行四边形,当且仅当 ABCDABCD 是矩形

PQRSPQRS is a parallelogram if and only if ABCDABCD is a rectangle

PQRSPQRS 是平行四边形,当且仅当 ABCDABCD 是平行四边形

PQRSPQRS is a parallelogram if and only if ABCDABCD is a parallelogram

以上说法均不正确

none of the above are true

答案:A
难度评级:2220
小提示:

两个相邻的外心都位于其对应三角形公共边的垂直平分线上

Two adjacent circumcenters lie on the perpendicular bisector of the side shared by their triangles

大提示:

利用 AAEECC 共线且 BBEEDD 共线这一事实

Use the fact that A,A, E,E, CC are collinear and B,B, E,E, DD are collinear

解答:

PPQQ 都在线段 BEBE 的垂直平分线上,而 RRSS 都在线段 DEDE 的垂直平分线上。由于 BBEEDD 共线,这两条垂直平分线平行,所以 PQRSPQ\parallel RS。同理,QQRR 在线段 CECE 的垂直平分线上,SSPP 在线段 AEAE 的垂直平分线上。由于 AAEECC 共线,所以 QRSPQR\parallel SP。因此 PQRSPQRS 始终是平行四边形。

因此,正确答案是 A

Both PP and QQ lie on the perpendicular bisector of BE,BE, while both RR and SS lie on the perpendicular bisector of DE.DE. Since B,B, E,E, DD are collinear, these bisectors are parallel, so PQRS.PQ\parallel RS. Likewise, Q,Q, RR lie on the perpendicular bisector of CE,CE, and S,S, PP lie on that of AE.AE. Since A,A, E,E, CC are collinear, QRSP.QR\parallel SP. Therefore PQRSPQRS is always a parallelogram.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

20.

一条路径由若干水平和(或)竖直线段组成,每条线段连接下图中一对相邻字母。沿路径从起点走到终点时恰好拼出单词 CONTEST 的路径共有多少条?

For how many paths consisting of a sequence of horizontal and/or vertical line segments, with each segment connecting a pair of adjacent letters in the diagram below, is the word CONTEST spelled out as the path is traversed from beginning to end?

6363

128128

129129

255255

以上均不正确

none of these

答案:E
难度评级:2200
小提示:

将每条路径反向,从底行中央的 TT 出发

Reverse each path, starting from the central TT in the bottom row

大提示:

分别计算向左和向右的两类路径,再扣除它们共有的路径

Count the left-going and right-going families separately, then correct for their common path

解答:

把路径反向,从底部中央的 TT 出发拼出 TSETNOC。对于水平移动均向左的一类路径,六步中的每一步都有向上或向左两种选择,因此共有 26=642^6=64 条路径。由对称性,水平移动向右的路径也有 6464 条。完全竖直的中央路径同时属于两类,所以总数为 64+641=127 64+64-1=127\text{。}这个数不在前四个选项中。

因此,正确答案是 E

Reverse the paths and spell TSETNOC from the central bottom T.T. In the family whose horizontal moves go left, each of the six steps has two choices: up or left. This gives 26=642^6=64 paths. By symmetry, 6464 paths have horizontal moves going right. The all-vertical central path belongs to both families, so the total is 64+641=127. 64+64-1=127. This number is not among the first four choices.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

21.

对多少个系数 aa 的取值,方程 x2+ax+1=0,x2xa=0 \begin{aligned} x^2+ax+1&=0,\\ x^2-x-a&=0 \end{aligned} 有公共实数解?

For how many values of the coefficient aa do the equations x2+ax+1=0,x2xa=0 \begin{aligned} x^2+ax+1&=0,\\ x^2-x-a&=0 \end{aligned} have a common real solution?

00

11

22

33

无穷多个

infinitely many

答案:B
难度评级:2040
小提示:

将两个方程相减,得到一个可因式分解的条件

Subtract the two equations to obtain a factored condition

大提示:

分别检验 a=1a=-1x=1x=-1 两种情形

Check separately the cases a=1a=-1 and x=1x=-1

解答:

用第一个方程减去第二个方程,得到 (a+1)x+(a+1)=(a+1)(x+1)=0 \begin{gathered} (a+1)x+(a+1)\\ =(a+1)(x+1)=0 \end{gathered}\text{。}a=1a=-1,两个方程均化为 x2x+1=0x^2-x+1=0,它没有实根。否则 x=1x=-1,代入 x2xa=0x^2-x-a=0a=2a=2。这个值确实满足条件,所以恰有一个 aa 的取值符合要求。

因此,正确答案是 B

Subtracting the second equation from the first gives (a+1)x+(a+1)=(a+1)(x+1)=0. \begin{gathered} (a+1)x+(a+1)\\ =(a+1)(x+1)=0. \end{gathered} If a=1,a=-1, the common equation is x2x+1=0,x^2-x+1=0, which has no real roots. Otherwise x=1,x=-1, and substitution into x2xa=0x^2-x-a=0 gives a=2.a=2. This value works, so exactly one value of aa qualifies.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

22.

f(x)f(x) 是实变量 xx 的实值函数,且 f(x)f(x) 不恒为零。若对所有 aabb,都有 f(a+b)+f(ab)=2f(a)+2f(b) \begin{gathered} f(a+b)+f(a-b)\\ =2f(a)+2f(b) \end{gathered}\text{,}则对所有 xxyy

If f(x)f(x) is a real-valued function of the real variable x,x, and f(x)f(x) is not identically zero, and for all aa and bb f(a+b)+f(ab)=2f(a)+2f(b), \begin{gathered} f(a+b)+f(a-b)\\ =2f(a)+2f(b), \end{gathered} then for all xx and yy

f(0)=1f(0)=1

f(x)=f(x)f(-x)=-f(x)

f(x)=f(x)f(-x)=f(x)

f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)

存在正数 TT,使得 f(x+T)=f(x)f(x+T)=f(x)

there is a positive number TT such that f(x+T)=f(x)f(x+T)=f(x)

答案:C
难度评级:1710
小提示:

先代入 a=b=0a=b=0

First substitute a=b=0a=b=0

大提示:

再令 a=0a=0b=xb=x

Next set a=0a=0 and b=xb=x

解答:

a=b=0a=b=0,得到 2f(0)=4f(0)2f(0)=4f(0),所以 f(0)=0f(0)=0。现在令 a=0a=0b=xb=x,方程变为 f(x)+f(x)=2f(0)+2f(x)=2f(x) \begin{aligned} f(x)+f(-x) &=2f(0)+2f(x)\\ &=2f(x) \end{aligned}\text{,}因此对每个实数 xx,都有 f(x)=f(x)f(-x)=f(x)

因此,正确答案是 C

Setting a=b=0a=b=0 gives 2f(0)=4f(0),2f(0)=4f(0), so f(0)=0.f(0)=0. Now set a=0a=0 and b=x.b=x. The equation becomes f(x)+f(x)=2f(0)+2f(x)=2f(x), \begin{aligned} f(x)+f(-x) &=2f(0)+2f(x)\\ &=2f(x), \end{aligned} and hence f(x)=f(x)f(-x)=f(x) for every real x.x.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

23.

若方程 x2+px+q=0x^2+px+q=0 的两个解分别是方程 x2+mx+n=0x^2+mx+n=0 的两个解的立方,则

If the solutions of the equation x2+px+q=0x^2+px+q=0 are the cubes of the solutions of the equation x2+mx+n=0,x^2+mx+n=0, then

p=m3+3mnp=m^3+3mn

p=m33mnp=m^3-3mn

p+q=m3p+q=m^3

(mn)3=pq\left(\frac mn\right)^3=\frac pq

以上均不正确

none of these

答案:B
难度评级:2040
小提示:

设第二个方程的两个根为 uuvv,并应用韦达定理

Call the roots of the second equation uu and vv and apply Vieta’s formulas

大提示:

利用 u3+v3=(u+v)33uv(u+v)u^3+v^3=(u+v)^3-3uv(u+v)

Use u3+v3=(u+v)33uv(u+v)u^3+v^3=(u+v)^3-3uv(u+v)

解答:

x2+mx+nx^2+mx+n 的两个根为 uuvv。于是 u+v=mu+v=-m,且 uv=nuv=n,而第一个方程的两个根为 u3u^3v3v^3。因此 p=u3+v3=(u+v)33uv(u+v)=m3+3mn \begin{aligned} -p&=u^3+v^3\\ &=(u+v)^3-3uv(u+v)\\ &=-m^3+3mn \end{aligned}\text{。}所以 p=m33mnp=m^3-3mn

因此,正确答案是 B

Let the roots of x2+mx+nx^2+mx+n be u,u, v.v. Then u+v=mu+v=-m and uv=n,uv=n, while the roots of the first equation are u3,u^3, v3.v^3. Thus p=u3+v3=(u+v)33uv(u+v)=m3+3mn. \begin{aligned} -p&=u^3+v^3\\ &=(u+v)^3-3uv(u+v)\\ &=-m^3+3mn. \end{aligned} Therefore p=m33mn.p=m^3-3mn.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

24.

求和 113+135++1(2n1)(2n+1)++1255257 \begin{aligned} &\frac1{1\cdot3}+\frac1{3\cdot5}+\cdots\\ &\quad+\frac1{(2n-1)(2n+1)}+\cdots\\ &\quad+\frac1{255\cdot257} \end{aligned}\text{。}

Find the sum 113+135++1(2n1)(2n+1)++1255257. \begin{aligned} &\frac1{1\cdot3}+\frac1{3\cdot5}+\cdots\\ &\quad+\frac1{(2n-1)(2n+1)}+\cdots\\ &\quad+\frac1{255\cdot257}. \end{aligned}

127255\frac{127}{255}

128255\frac{128}{255}

12\frac12

128257\frac{128}{257}

129257\frac{129}{257}

答案:D
难度评级:1690
小提示:

1(2n1)(2n+1)\frac1{(2n-1)(2n+1)} 分解为两个单位分数之差

Decompose 1(2n1)(2n+1)\frac1{(2n-1)(2n+1)} into two unit fractions

大提示:

最后一项的分母对应 n=128n=128

The last denominator corresponds to n=128n=128

解答:

1n1281\le n\le128,有 1(2n1)(2n+1)=12(2n1)12(2n+1) \begin{gathered} \frac1{(2n-1)(2n+1)}\\ =\frac1{2(2n-1)}-\frac1{2(2n+1)} \end{gathered}\text{。}因此,逐项相消后,原和为 12(11257)=128257 \frac12\left(1-\frac1{257}\right)=\frac{128}{257}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

For 1n128,1\le n\le128, 1(2n1)(2n+1)=12(2n1)12(2n+1). \begin{gathered} \frac1{(2n-1)(2n+1)}\\ =\frac1{2(2n-1)}-\frac1{2(2n+1)}. \end{gathered} Hence the sum telescopes to 12(11257)=128257. \frac12\left(1-\frac1{257}\right)=\frac{128}{257}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

25.

求使 1005!1005! 能被 10n10^n 整除的最大正整数 nn

Determine the largest positive integer nn such that 1005!1005! is divisible by 10n.10^n.

102102

112112

249249

502502

以上均不正确

none of these

答案:E
难度评级:1560
小提示:

计算 1005!1005! 中因数 55 的个数

Count the factors of 55 in 1005!1005!

大提示:

不要遗漏 2525125125625625 的倍数所贡献的因数

Include contributions from multiples of 25,25, 125,125, and 625625

解答:

因数 22 比因数 55 多,所以 1010 的指数为 n=10055+100525+1005125+1005625=201+40+8+1=250 \begin{aligned} n={}&\left\lfloor\frac{1005}{5}\right\rfloor+ \left\lfloor\frac{1005}{25}\right\rfloor\\ &+\left\lfloor\frac{1005}{125}\right\rfloor+ \left\lfloor\frac{1005}{625}\right\rfloor\\ ={}&201+40+8+1=250 \end{aligned}\text{。}由于选项中没有 250250,正确选项是“以上均不正确”。

因此,正确答案是 E

There are more factors of 22 than of 5,5, so the exponent of 1010 is n=10055+100525+1005125+1005625=201+40+8+1=250. \begin{aligned} n={}&\left\lfloor\frac{1005}{5}\right\rfloor+ \left\lfloor\frac{1005}{25}\right\rfloor\\ &+\left\lfloor\frac{1005}{125}\right\rfloor+ \left\lfloor\frac{1005}{625}\right\rfloor\\ ={}&201+40+8+1=250. \end{aligned} Since 250250 is not listed, the correct choice is “none of these.”

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

26.

设四边形 MNPQMNPQ 的边 MNMNNPNPPQPQQMQM 的长度分别为 aabbccdd。若 MNPQMNPQ 的面积为 AA,则

Let a,a, b,b, cc and dd be the lengths of sides MN,MN, NP,NP, PQPQ and QM,QM, respectively, of quadrilateral MNPQ.MNPQ. If AA is the area of MNPQ,MNPQ, then

A=(a+c2)(b+d2)A=\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) 当且仅当 MNPQMNPQ 是凸四边形

A=(a+c2)(b+d2)A=\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) if and only if MNPQMNPQ is convex

A=(a+c2)(b+d2)A=\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) 当且仅当 MNPQMNPQ 是矩形

A=(a+c2)(b+d2)A=\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) if and only if MNPQMNPQ is a rectangle

A(a+c2)(b+d2)A\le\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) 当且仅当 MNPQMNPQ 是矩形

A(a+c2)(b+d2)A\le\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) if and only if MNPQMNPQ is a rectangle

A(a+c2)(b+d2)A\le\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) 当且仅当 MNPQMNPQ 是平行四边形

A(a+c2)(b+d2)A\le\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) if and only if MNPQMNPQ is a parallelogram

A(a+c2)(b+d2)A\ge\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) 当且仅当 MNPQMNPQ 是平行四边形

A(a+c2)(b+d2)A\ge\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right) if and only if MNPQMNPQ is a parallelogram

答案:B
难度评级:2320
小提示:

分别沿两条对角线分割四边形,并用 11 作为每个正弦值的上界

Split the quadrilateral along each diagonal and bound every sine by 11

大提示:

合并所得的两个面积上界,并分析所有不等式同时取等号的条件

Combine the two resulting area bounds and analyze when every bound is an equality

解答:

沿对角线 MPMP 分割并利用 sinθ1\sin\theta\le1,可得 Aab+cd2A\le\frac{ab+cd}{2}。同样,沿 NQNQ 分割可得 Aad+bc2A\le\frac{ad+bc}{2}。对于非凸四边形,取两个三角形面积的适当差,这些上界仍然成立。将两式相加,得到 2Aab+ad+bc+cd2=(a+c)(b+d)2 \begin{aligned} 2A&\le\frac{ab+ad+bc+cd}{2}\\ &=\frac{(a+c)(b+d)}2 \end{aligned}\text{,}A(a+c2)(b+d2)A\le\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right)。等号成立要求四个正弦上界全部取等号,因此四个角都是直角;反之,矩形可以取到等号。所以等号成立当且仅当四边形为矩形。

因此,正确答案是 B

Splitting along diagonal MPMP and using sinθ1\sin\theta\le1 gives Aab+cd2.A\le\frac{ab+cd}{2}. Splitting along NQNQ similarly gives Aad+bc2.A\le\frac{ad+bc}{2}. These bounds remain valid for a nonconvex quadrilateral by taking the appropriate difference of triangle areas. Adding them yields 2Aab+ad+bc+cd2=(a+c)(b+d)2, \begin{aligned} 2A&\le\frac{ab+ad+bc+cd}{2}\\ &=\frac{(a+c)(b+d)}2, \end{aligned} or A(a+c2)(b+d2).A\le\left(\frac{a+c}{2}\right)\left(\frac{b+d}{2}\right). Equality requires equality in all four sine bounds, so all four angles are right angles; conversely a rectangle gives equality. Thus the equality holds exactly for rectangles.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

27.

两个大小不同的球分别放在一间长方体房间的两个角落,每个球都与两面墙和地板相切。若每个球面上都有一点,它到该球所接触的两面墙的距离均为 55 英寸,到地板的距离为 1010 英寸,则两球直径之和为

There are two spherical balls of different sizes lying in two corners of a rectangular room, each touching two walls and the floor. If there is a point on each ball which is 55 inches from each wall which that ball touches and 1010 inches from the floor, then the sum of the diameters of the balls is

2020 英寸

2020 inches

3030 英寸

3030 inches

4040 英寸

4040 inches

6060 英寸

6060 inches

无法由所给信息确定

not determined by the given information

答案:C
难度评级:2040
小提示:

将房间角点设为原点,把两面墙和地板视为三个坐标平面

Place the corner at the origin with the walls and floor as coordinate planes

大提示:

与三个坐标平面相切的半径为 rr 的球,其球心为 (r,r,r)(r,r,r)

A sphere of radius rr tangent to all three planes has center (r,r,r)(r,r,r)

解答:

对于半径 rr,球心为 (r,r,r)(r,r,r),所给点为 (5,5,10)(5,5,10)。因此 2(5r)2+(10r)2=r2 2(5-r)^2+(10-r)^2=r^2\text{,}化简得 r220r+75=0r^2-20r+75=0,即 (r5)(r15)=0(r-5)(r-15)=0。两个半径分别为 551515,所以直径之和为 2(5+15)=402(5+15)=40 英寸。

因此,正确答案是 C

For radius r,r, the center is (r,r,r)(r,r,r) and the given point is (5,5,10).(5,5,10). Thus 2(5r)2+(10r)2=r2, 2(5-r)^2+(10-r)^2=r^2, which simplifies to r220r+75=0,r^2-20r+75=0, or (r5)(r15)=0.(r-5)(r-15)=0. The two radii are 55 and 15,15, so the sum of the diameters is 2(5+15)=402(5+15)=40 inches.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

28.

g(x)=x5+x4+x3g(x)=x^5+x^4+x^3 +x2+x+1{}+x^2+x+1。多项式 g(x12)g(x^{12}) 除以多项式 g(x)g(x) 的余数是什么?

Let g(x)=x5+x4+x3g(x)=x^5+x^4+x^3 +x2+x+1.{}+x^2+x+1. What is the remainder when the polynomial g(x12)g(x^{12}) is divided by the polynomial g(x)?g(x)?

66

5x5-x

4x+x24-x+x^2

3x+x2x33-x+x^2-x^3

2x+x2x3+x42-x+x^2-x^3+x^4

答案:A
知识点:多项式单位根
难度评级:2300
小提示:

利用 (x1)g(x)=x61(x-1)g(x)=x^6-1

Use (x1)g(x)=x61(x-1)g(x)=x^6-1

大提示:

gg 的五个根处计算余式的值,并利用余式的次数上界

Evaluate the remainder at the five roots of gg and use its degree bound

解答:

R(x)R(x) 为余式,则 degR4\deg R\le4gg 的五个根 α\alpha 满足 α6=1\alpha^6=1α1\alpha\ne1。因此 α12=1\alpha^{12}=1,并且 R(α)=g(α12)=g(1)=6 R(\alpha)=g(\alpha^{12})=g(1)=6\text{。}所以次数至多为 44 的多项式 R(x)6R(x)-6 有五个不同的根。它只能恒为零,因此 R(x)=6R(x)=6

因此,正确答案是 A

Let R(x)R(x) be the remainder, so degR4.\deg R\le4. The five roots α\alpha of gg satisfy α6=1\alpha^6=1 and α1.\alpha\ne1. Hence α12=1\alpha^{12}=1 and R(α)=g(α12)=g(1)=6. R(\alpha)=g(\alpha^{12})=g(1)=6. Therefore R(x)6,R(x)-6, a polynomial of degree at most 4,4, has five distinct roots. It must be identically zero, so R(x)=6.R(x)=6.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

29.

求最小整数 nn,使得 (x2+y2+z2)2n(x4+y4+z4) \begin{aligned} (x^2+y^2+z^2)^2 &\le{}\\[-4pt] &n(x^4+y^4+z^4) \end{aligned} 对所有实数 xxyyzz 都成立。

Find the smallest integer nn such that (x2+y2+z2)2n(x4+y4+z4) \begin{aligned} (x^2+y^2+z^2)^2 &\le{}\\[-4pt] &n(x^4+y^4+z^4) \end{aligned} for all real numbers x,x, yy and z.z.

22

33

44

66

不存在这样的整数 nn

There is no such integer n.n.

答案:B
难度评级:1870
小提示:

对三个数 x2x^2y2y^2z2z^2 应用柯西-施瓦茨不等式

Apply Cauchy-Schwarz to the three numbers x2,x^2, y2,y^2, z2z^2

大提示:

x2x^2y2y^2z2z^2 取相等的非零值,以检验界是否可取到

Use equal nonzero values of x2,x^2, y2,y^2, z2z^2 to test sharpness

解答:

由柯西-施瓦茨不等式,(x2+y2+z2)23Q,Q=x4+y4+z4 \begin{aligned} (x^2+y^2+z^2)^2&\le3Q,\\ Q&=x^4+y^4+z^4 \end{aligned}\text{。}x2=y2=z20x^2=y^2=z^2\ne0 时取等号,所以更小的值都不成立。因此最小整数为 33

因此,正确答案是 B

By Cauchy-Schwarz, (x2+y2+z2)23Q,Q=x4+y4+z4. \begin{aligned} (x^2+y^2+z^2)^2&\le3Q,\\ Q&=x^4+y^4+z^4. \end{aligned} Equality occurs when x2=y2=z20,x^2=y^2=z^2\ne0, so no smaller value can work. Thus the smallest integer is 3.3.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

30.

正九边形的一条边、最短对角线和最长对角线的长度分别为 aabbdd(见附图),则

If a,a, bb and dd are the lengths of a side, a shortest diagonal and a longest diagonal, respectively, of a regular nonagon (see adjoining figure), then

d=a+bd=a+b

d2=a2+b2d^2=a^2+b^2

d2=a2+ab+b2d^2=a^2+ab+b^2

b=a+d2b=\frac{a+d}{2}

b2=adb^2=ad

答案:A
难度评级:2300
小提示:

用正九边形的外接圆半径表示这三条弦的长度

Write the three chord lengths using the nonagon’s circumradius

大提示:

利用和差化积公式比较 sin20+sin40\sin20^\circ+\sin40^\circsin80\sin80^\circ

Compare sin20+sin40\sin20^\circ+\sin40^\circ with sin80\sin80^\circ using the sum-to-product identity

解答:

若外接圆半径为 rr,则三条弦所对的圆心角分别为 4040^\circ8080^\circ160160^\circ。因此 a=2rsin20,b=2rsin40,d=2rsin80 \begin{aligned} a&=2r\sin20^\circ,\\ b&=2r\sin40^\circ,\\ d&=2r\sin80^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}由和差化积公式,sin20+sin40=2sin30cos10=cos10=sin80 \begin{gathered} \sin20^\circ+\sin40^\circ\\ =2\sin30^\circ\cos10^\circ\\ =\cos10^\circ=\sin80^\circ \end{gathered}\text{。}两边乘以 2r2r,得到 a+b=da+b=d

因此,正确答案是 A

If the circumradius is r,r, the three chords subtend central angles 40,40^\circ, 80,80^\circ, 160,160^\circ, respectively. Thus a=2rsin20,b=2rsin40,d=2rsin80. \begin{aligned} a&=2r\sin20^\circ,\\ b&=2r\sin40^\circ,\\ d&=2r\sin80^\circ. \end{aligned} The sum-to-product identity gives sin20+sin40=2sin30cos10=cos10=sin80. \begin{gathered} \sin20^\circ+\sin40^\circ\\ =2\sin30^\circ\cos10^\circ\\ =\cos10^\circ=\sin80^\circ. \end{gathered} Multiplying by 2r2r yields a+b=d.a+b=d.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.