1977 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
下列哪一项陈述是错误的?所有等边三角形都是
Which one of the following statements is false? All equilateral triangles are
等角三角形
equiangular
等腰三角形
isosceles
正多边形
regular polygons
彼此全等的三角形
congruent to each other
彼此相似的三角形
similar to each other
小提示:
区分由角决定的性质和由大小决定的性质
Separate properties determined by angles from properties determined by size
大提示:
比较两个边长不同的等边三角形
Compare two equilateral triangles having different side lengths
解答:
每个等边三角形都是等角三角形、等腰三角形和正多边形,并且与任意其他等边三角形相似。然而,边长不同的两个等边三角形并不全等。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Every equilateral triangle is equiangular, isosceles, regular, and similar to every other equilateral triangle. Two equilateral triangles with different side lengths are not congruent, however.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
3.
一名男子共有价值 的一美分、五美分、十美分、二十五美分和五十美分硬币。若每种硬币的枚数相同,则他共有多少枚硬币?
A man has in pennies, nickels, dimes, quarters and half dollars. If he has an equal number of coins of each kind, then the total number of coins he has is
小提示:
求这五种硬币各取一枚时的总价值
Find the value of one coin of each of the five types
大提示:
每组五枚硬币共值 美分
The five coins in one complete set are worth cents
解答:
每种硬币各取一枚,共值 美分。由于 ,五种硬币各有三枚,所以共有 枚硬币。
因此,正确答案是 E。
One coin of each kind is worth cents. Since there are three coins of each of the five kinds, or coins.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
4.
在三角形 中,,且 。点 、、 分别位于边 、、 上,并且 、。那么 等于
In triangle and If points and lie on sides and respectively, and and then equals
以上均不正确
none of these
小提示:
先求出 的两个底角
First determine the two base angles of
大提示:
利用两组已知的等长线段求 和
Use the two given equal-length pairs to find and
解答:
的两个底角都等于 。因为 ,所以三角形 的顶角为 ,从而 。同理, 推出 。直线 上方的三个角之和为 ,所以
因此,正确答案是 C。
The base angles of are each Since triangle has vertex angle so Similarly, gives The three angles above the straight line sum to so
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
5.
所有满足下列条件的点 构成的集合是什么: 到两个定点 和 的(无向)距离之和等于 与 之间的距离?
The set of all points such that the sum of the (undirected) distances from to two fixed points and equals the distance between and is
从 到 的线段
the line segment from to
经过 和 的直线
the line passing through and
从 到 的线段的垂直平分线
the perpendicular bisector of the line segment from to
面积为正的椭圆
an ellipse having positive area
一条抛物线
a parabola
小提示:
对 、 和 应用三角不等式
Apply the triangle inequality to and
大提示:
回想三角不等式在何时取等号
Recall when equality holds in the triangle inequality
解答:
由三角不等式可得 。等号成立当且仅当 、、 共线,且 位于 与 之间(包括两个端点)。因此,所求轨迹是从 到 的线段。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The triangle inequality gives Equality holds exactly when are collinear with between and including the endpoints. Thus the locus is the segment from to
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
6.
若 、 和 均不为零,则 等于
If and are not zero, then equals
以上均不正确
none of these
7.
8.
对每个非零实数三元组 ,构造数 所有可能得到的数所组成的集合是
For every triple of nonzero real numbers, form the number The set of all numbers formed is
以上均不正确
none of these
小提示:
前三个分数中的每一个都等于 或
Each of the first three fractions is either or
大提示:
最后一个分数的符号是前三个符号的乘积
The sign of the final fraction is the product of the first three signs
解答:
设 、、 分别为 、、 的符号,则该式为 。三个符号全为正时,式子的值为 ;全为负时,值为 。若正负号混合,直接相消可得 。因此所求集合为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let be the signs of The expression is If all three signs are positive it is and if all are negative it is If the signs are mixed, direct cancellation gives Hence the set is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
9.
在所附图形中,,且弧 、弧 、弧 的长度都相等。求 的度数。
In the adjoining figure and arc arc and arc all have equal length. Find the measure of
小提示:
用一个变量表示三条等长弧的度数,再用另一个变量表示弧 的度数
Assign one variable to each of the three equal arcs and another to arc
大提示:
同时利用整圆的弧度数之和以及点 处的圆外割线角定理
Use both the full-circle arc sum and the external-secant angle theorem at
解答:
设三条弧 、、 的度数均为 ,弧 的度数为 。于是 解得 。圆周角 所对的弧是 ,所以其度数为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let each of arcs measure and let arc measure Then Solving gives The inscribed angle subtends arc so it measures
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
10.
若 ,则 等于
If then equals
小提示:
将多项式代入某个特定值即可得到其系数之和
A polynomial’s coefficient sum is obtained by evaluating it at a particular input
大提示:
在所给恒等式中代入
Substitute into the given identity
解答:
令 ,右边便成为所求的系数之和。因此
因此,正确答案是 E。
Setting makes the right side the desired coefficient sum. Thus
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
11.
对每个实数 ,令 表示不超过 的最大整数(即满足 的整数 )。下列哪些陈述正确?
。对所有 ,都有
。对所有 和 ,都有
。对所有 和 ,都有
For each real number let be the largest integer not exceeding (i.e., the integer such that ). Which of the following statements is (are) true?
for all
for all and
for all and
都不正确
none
只有
only
只有 和
and only
只有
only
全部正确
all
12.
Al 的年龄比 Bob 与 Carl 的年龄之和大 ,且 Al 年龄的平方比 Bob 与 Carl 年龄之和的平方大 。Al、Bob 和 Carl 三人的年龄之和是
Al’s age is more than the sum of Bob’s age and Carl’s age, and the square of Al’s age is more than the square of the sum of Bob’s age and Carl’s age. The sum of the ages of Al, Bob and Carl is
小提示:
令 为 Bob 与 Carl 的年龄之和
Let be the sum of Bob’s and Carl’s ages
大提示:
分解 ,并利用 的已知值
Factor and use the known value of
解答:
设 为 Al 的年龄, 为另外两人的年龄之和。于是 ,且 因此,所求的总年龄 为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let be Al’s age and the sum of the other two ages. Then and Hence the requested total is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
13.
若正数数列 、、、 对所有正整数 都满足 ,则数列 、、、 是等比数列的条件为
If is a sequence of positive numbers such that for all positive integers then the sequence is a geometric progression
任意正数 和 均可
for all positive values of and
当且仅当
if and only if
当且仅当
if and only if
当且仅当
if and only if
当且仅当
if and only if
小提示:
用 、 表示 、 和
Write out and in terms of
大提示:
令前三个相邻项之比相等,并利用各项为正
Equate the first three successive ratios and use positivity
解答:
接下来的各项为 、 和 。若该数列为等比数列,则 因此 ,且 。由各项为正可知 。反之,这两个初值会产生常数等比数列 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The next terms are and If the sequence is geometric, then Thus and Positivity forces Conversely, these initial values produce the constant geometric sequence
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
14.
有多少个整数对 满足方程 ?
How many pairs of integers satisfy the equation
多于 个
more than
小提示:
把所有项移到等式一边,再加上
Move all terms to one side and add
大提示:
将方程化为两个整数的乘积等于
Factor the equation into a product of two integers equal to
解答:
移项并配成乘积,得到 的整数因数对为 和 ,分别得到 和 。因此共有两个有序整数对。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Rearranging and completing the product gives The integer factor pairs of are and producing and Thus there are two ordered pairs.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
15.
在所附图形中,三个圆两两外切,且三角形的每一边都与其中两个圆相切。若每个圆的半径为三,则三角形的周长为
Each of the three circles in the adjoining figure is externally tangent to the other two, and each side of the triangle is tangent to two of the circles. If each circle has radius three, then the perimeter of the triangle is
小提示:
三个圆心构成边长为 的等边三角形
The three circle centers form an equilateral triangle of side
大提示:
把外侧各边看作平行外移的直线,并比较两个等边三角形的内切圆半径
View the outer sides as parallel offsets and compare the inradii of two equilateral triangles
解答:
三个圆心构成边长为 的等边三角形,其内切圆半径为 。外部三角形的每一边都是向外平移三单位后的平行切线,所以外部三角形的内切圆半径为 。内切圆半径为 的等边三角形边长为 ,因此外部三角形的每条边长为 周长为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The circle centers form an equilateral triangle of side whose inradius is Each side of the outer triangle is a parallel tangent line three units farther out, so the outer triangle has inradius An equilateral triangle of inradius has side hence each outer side is The perimeter is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
16.
若 ,则和 等于
If then the sum equals
小提示:
比较下标为 的项与下标为 的项
Compare the term indexed by with the term indexed by
大提示:
分别数出从 到 的偶数下标和奇数下标
Count the even and odd indices from through
解答:
令 。则 每个偶数下标的项都等于 ,每个奇数下标的项都等于 。共有 个偶数下标和 个奇数下标,所以总和为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let Then Every even-indexed term equals and every odd-indexed term equals There are even indices and odd indices, so the sum is
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
17.
随机掷三枚公平的骰子(即每个面朝上的概率相同)。所得的三个数能够重新排列成公差为一的等差数列的概率是多少?
Three fair dice are tossed at random (i.e., all faces have the same probability of coming up). What is the probability that the three numbers turned up can be arranged to form an arithmetic progression with common difference one?
小提示:
列出由三个连续点数组成的所有可能集合
List the possible three-element sets of consecutive die values
大提示:
在 个有序结果中,每个符合条件的集合都有六种排列
Each qualifying set has six orderings among the ordered outcomes
解答:
可能的集合为 、、 和 。每个集合都有 种排列,因此在 个结果中,有 个符合条件。所求概率为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The possible sets are and Each has orderings, so of the outcomes work. The probability is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
18.
19.
设 为凸四边形 的两条对角线的交点,、、、 分别为三角形 、、、 的外接圆圆心。则
Let be the point of intersection of the diagonals of convex quadrilateral and let and be the centers of the circles circumscribing triangles and respectively. Then
是平行四边形
is a parallelogram
是平行四边形,当且仅当 是菱形
is a parallelogram if and only if is a rhombus
是平行四边形,当且仅当 是矩形
is a parallelogram if and only if is a rectangle
是平行四边形,当且仅当 是平行四边形
is a parallelogram if and only if is a parallelogram
以上说法均不正确
none of the above are true
小提示:
两个相邻的外心都位于其对应三角形公共边的垂直平分线上
Two adjacent circumcenters lie on the perpendicular bisector of the side shared by their triangles
大提示:
利用 、、 共线且 、、 共线这一事实
Use the fact that are collinear and are collinear
解答:
和 都在线段 的垂直平分线上,而 和 都在线段 的垂直平分线上。由于 、、 共线,这两条垂直平分线平行,所以 。同理,、 在线段 的垂直平分线上,、 在线段 的垂直平分线上。由于 、、 共线,所以 。因此 始终是平行四边形。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Both and lie on the perpendicular bisector of while both and lie on the perpendicular bisector of Since are collinear, these bisectors are parallel, so Likewise, lie on the perpendicular bisector of and lie on that of Since are collinear, Therefore is always a parallelogram.
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
20.
一条路径由若干水平和(或)竖直线段组成,每条线段连接下图中一对相邻字母。沿路径从起点走到终点时恰好拼出单词 CONTEST 的路径共有多少条?
For how many paths consisting of a sequence of horizontal and/or vertical line segments, with each segment connecting a pair of adjacent letters in the diagram below, is the word CONTEST spelled out as the path is traversed from beginning to end?
以上均不正确
none of these
小提示:
将每条路径反向,从底行中央的 出发
Reverse each path, starting from the central in the bottom row
大提示:
分别计算向左和向右的两类路径,再扣除它们共有的路径
Count the left-going and right-going families separately, then correct for their common path
解答:
把路径反向,从底部中央的 出发拼出 TSETNOC。对于水平移动均向左的一类路径,六步中的每一步都有向上或向左两种选择,因此共有 条路径。由对称性,水平移动向右的路径也有 条。完全竖直的中央路径同时属于两类,所以总数为 这个数不在前四个选项中。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Reverse the paths and spell TSETNOC from the central bottom In the family whose horizontal moves go left, each of the six steps has two choices: up or left. This gives paths. By symmetry, paths have horizontal moves going right. The all-vertical central path belongs to both families, so the total is This number is not among the first four choices.
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
21.
对多少个系数 的取值,方程 有公共实数解?
For how many values of the coefficient do the equations have a common real solution?
无穷多个
infinitely many
小提示:
将两个方程相减,得到一个可因式分解的条件
Subtract the two equations to obtain a factored condition
大提示:
分别检验 和 两种情形
Check separately the cases and
解答:
用第一个方程减去第二个方程,得到 若 ,两个方程均化为 ,它没有实根。否则 ,代入 得 。这个值确实满足条件,所以恰有一个 的取值符合要求。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Subtracting the second equation from the first gives If the common equation is which has no real roots. Otherwise and substitution into gives This value works, so exactly one value of qualifies.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
22.
设 是实变量 的实值函数,且 不恒为零。若对所有 和 ,都有 则对所有 和
If is a real-valued function of the real variable and is not identically zero, and for all and then for all and
存在正数 ,使得
there is a positive number such that
23.
若方程 的两个解分别是方程 的两个解的立方,则
If the solutions of the equation are the cubes of the solutions of the equation then
以上均不正确
none of these
小提示:
设第二个方程的两个根为 和 ,并应用韦达定理
Call the roots of the second equation and and apply Vieta’s formulas
大提示:
利用
Use
解答:
设 的两个根为 、。于是 ,且 ,而第一个方程的两个根为 、。因此 所以 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let the roots of be Then and while the roots of the first equation are Thus Therefore
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
24.
25.
求使 能被 整除的最大正整数 。
Determine the largest positive integer such that is divisible by
以上均不正确
none of these
小提示:
计算 中因数 的个数
Count the factors of in
大提示:
不要遗漏 、 和 的倍数所贡献的因数
Include contributions from multiples of and
解答:
因数 比因数 多,所以 的指数为 由于选项中没有 ,正确选项是“以上均不正确”。
因此,正确答案是 E。
There are more factors of than of so the exponent of is Since is not listed, the correct choice is “none of these.”
Therefore, the correct answer is E.
26.
设四边形 的边 、、、 的长度分别为 、、、。若 的面积为 ,则
Let and be the lengths of sides and respectively, of quadrilateral If is the area of then
当且仅当 是凸四边形
if and only if is convex
当且仅当 是矩形
if and only if is a rectangle
当且仅当 是矩形
if and only if is a rectangle
当且仅当 是平行四边形
if and only if is a parallelogram
当且仅当 是平行四边形
if and only if is a parallelogram
小提示:
分别沿两条对角线分割四边形,并用 作为每个正弦值的上界
Split the quadrilateral along each diagonal and bound every sine by
大提示:
合并所得的两个面积上界,并分析所有不等式同时取等号的条件
Combine the two resulting area bounds and analyze when every bound is an equality
解答:
沿对角线 分割并利用 ,可得 。同样,沿 分割可得 。对于非凸四边形,取两个三角形面积的适当差,这些上界仍然成立。将两式相加,得到 即 。等号成立要求四个正弦上界全部取等号,因此四个角都是直角;反之,矩形可以取到等号。所以等号成立当且仅当四边形为矩形。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Splitting along diagonal and using gives Splitting along similarly gives These bounds remain valid for a nonconvex quadrilateral by taking the appropriate difference of triangle areas. Adding them yields or Equality requires equality in all four sine bounds, so all four angles are right angles; conversely a rectangle gives equality. Thus the equality holds exactly for rectangles.
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
27.
两个大小不同的球分别放在一间长方体房间的两个角落,每个球都与两面墙和地板相切。若每个球面上都有一点,它到该球所接触的两面墙的距离均为 英寸,到地板的距离为 英寸,则两球直径之和为
There are two spherical balls of different sizes lying in two corners of a rectangular room, each touching two walls and the floor. If there is a point on each ball which is inches from each wall which that ball touches and inches from the floor, then the sum of the diameters of the balls is
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
英寸
inches
无法由所给信息确定
not determined by the given information
小提示:
将房间角点设为原点,把两面墙和地板视为三个坐标平面
Place the corner at the origin with the walls and floor as coordinate planes
大提示:
与三个坐标平面相切的半径为 的球,其球心为
A sphere of radius tangent to all three planes has center
解答:
对于半径 ,球心为 ,所给点为 。因此 化简得 ,即 。两个半径分别为 和 ,所以直径之和为 英寸。
因此,正确答案是 C。
For radius the center is and the given point is Thus which simplifies to or The two radii are and so the sum of the diameters is inches.
Therefore, the correct answer is C.
28.
令 。多项式 除以多项式 的余数是什么?
Let What is the remainder when the polynomial is divided by the polynomial
小提示:
利用
Use
大提示:
在 的五个根处计算余式的值,并利用余式的次数上界
Evaluate the remainder at the five roots of and use its degree bound
解答:
设 为余式,则 。 的五个根 满足 且 。因此 ,并且 所以次数至多为 的多项式 有五个不同的根。它只能恒为零,因此 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Let be the remainder, so The five roots of satisfy and Hence and Therefore a polynomial of degree at most has five distinct roots. It must be identically zero, so
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
29.
求最小整数 ,使得 对所有实数 、、 都成立。
Find the smallest integer such that for all real numbers and
不存在这样的整数
There is no such integer
小提示:
对三个数 、、 应用柯西-施瓦茨不等式
Apply Cauchy-Schwarz to the three numbers
大提示:
令 、、 取相等的非零值,以检验界是否可取到
Use equal nonzero values of to test sharpness
解答:
由柯西-施瓦茨不等式,当 时取等号,所以更小的值都不成立。因此最小整数为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
By Cauchy-Schwarz, Equality occurs when so no smaller value can work. Thus the smallest integer is
Therefore, the correct answer is B.
30.
正九边形的一条边、最短对角线和最长对角线的长度分别为 、、(见附图),则
If and are the lengths of a side, a shortest diagonal and a longest diagonal, respectively, of a regular nonagon (see adjoining figure), then
小提示:
用正九边形的外接圆半径表示这三条弦的长度
Write the three chord lengths using the nonagon’s circumradius
大提示:
利用和差化积公式比较 与
Compare with using the sum-to-product identity
解答:
若外接圆半径为 ,则三条弦所对的圆心角分别为 、、。因此 由和差化积公式,两边乘以 ,得到 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
If the circumradius is the three chords subtend central angles respectively. Thus The sum-to-product identity gives Multiplying by yields
Therefore, the correct answer is A.