2021 AIME II 第 14 题

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14.

ABC\triangle ABC 是一个锐角三角形,外心为 OO,重心为 GG。令 XXABC\triangle ABC 外接圆在 AA 处的切线与过 GG 且垂直于 GOGO 的直线的交点。令 YY 为直线 XGXGBCBC 的交点。已知 ABC,BCA\angle ABC, \angle BCAXOY\angle XOY 的度数之比为 13:2:1713 : 2 : 17,则 BAC\angle BAC 的度数可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let ABC\triangle ABC be an acute triangle with circumcenter OO and centroid G.G. Let XX be the intersection of the line tangent to the circumcircle of ABC\triangle ABC at AA and the line perpendicular to GOGO at G.G. Let YY be the intersection of lines XGXG and BC.BC. Given that the measures of ABC,BCA,\angle ABC, \angle BCA, and XOY\angle XOY are in the ratio 13:2:17,13 : 2 : 17, the degree measure of BAC\angle BAC can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:592
知识点:外接圆、外心与外接圆半径圆内接四边形导角重心
难度评级:3370
解答:

MMBC\overline{BC} 的中点,则 AAGGMM 在同一条中线上,而 GGXXYY 按定义共线。由于 OAAXOA \perp AX(切线与半径垂直)且 OGGXOG \perp GX,四边形 OAXGOAXGOX\overline{OX} 为直径共圆。又因为 OGGYOG \perp GY,且 OMMYOM \perp MY(圆心到弦中点的线段垂直于弦),四边形 OGYMOGYMOY\overline{OY} 为直径共圆。

在每个圆中,弦 OG\overline{OG} 所对的角相等,所以 OXY=OXG\angle OXY = \angle OXG =OAG=OAM= \angle OAG = \angle OAM,并且 OYX=OYG\angle OYX = \angle OYG =OMG=OMA= \angle OMG = \angle OMA。因此三角形 OXYOXYOAMOAM 的底角和相同,得到 XOY=180OXYOYX=180OAMOMA=AOM. \begin{aligned} \angle XOY &= 180^\circ - \angle OXY \\ &\quad {}- \angle OYX \\ &= 180^\circ - \angle OAM \\ &\quad {}- \angle OMA \\ &= \angle AOM. \end{aligned}

ABC=13k\angle ABC = 13kBCA=2k\angle BCA = 2k,则 BAC=18015k\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15k 中心角给出 AOB=2BCA=4k\angle AOB = 2\angle BCA = 4k,而 OM\overline{OM} 平分 BOC=2BAC\angle BOC = 2\angle BAC,所以在靠近 BB 的一侧(因为 ABC>BCA\angle ABC \gt \angle BCA,也就是靠近 AA 所对弧的一侧), 令 18011k=XOY=17k180^\circ - 11k = \angle XOY = 17k,得 k=457k = \frac{45}{7},所以 BAC=18015457=5857\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15 \cdot \frac{45}{7} = \frac{585}{7} 度,且三个角都为锐角。 因此 m+n=585+7=592m + n = 585 + 7 = 592AOM=AOB+BOM=4k+(18015k)=18011k. \begin{aligned} \angle AOM &= \angle AOB + \angle BOM \\ &= 4k + (180^\circ - 15k) \\ &= 180^\circ - 11k. \end{aligned}

Let MM be the midpoint of BC,\overline{BC}, so A,A, G,G, MM are collinear along the median, while X,X, G,G, YY are collinear by definition. Since OAAXOA \perp AX (tangent and radius) and OGGX,OG \perp GX, quadrilateral OAXGOAXG is cyclic with diameter OX.\overline{OX}. Since OGGYOG \perp GY and OMMYOM \perp MY (the segment from the center to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to it), quadrilateral OGYMOGYM is cyclic with diameter OY.\overline{OY}.

In each circle the chord OG\overline{OG} subtends equal angles, so OXY=OXG\angle OXY = \angle OXG =OAG=OAM= \angle OAG = \angle OAM and OYX=OYG\angle OYX = \angle OYG =OMG=OMA.= \angle OMG = \angle OMA. Triangles OXYOXY and OAMOAM therefore have the same angle sums at their bases, giving XOY=180OXYOYX=180OAMOMA=AOM. \begin{aligned} \angle XOY &= 180^\circ - \angle OXY \\ &\quad {}- \angle OYX \\ &= 180^\circ - \angle OAM \\ &\quad {}- \angle OMA \\ &= \angle AOM. \end{aligned}

Write ABC=13k\angle ABC = 13k and BCA=2k,\angle BCA = 2k, so BAC=18015k.\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15k. Central angles give AOB=2BCA=4k,\angle AOB = 2\angle BCA = 4k, and OM\overline{OM} bisects BOC=2BAC,\angle BOC = 2\angle BAC, so on the side of BB (nearer to AA's arc since ABC>BCA\angle ABC \gt \angle BCA), AOM=AOB+BOM=4k+(18015k)=18011k. \begin{aligned} \angle AOM &= \angle AOB + \angle BOM \\ &= 4k + (180^\circ - 15k) \\ &= 180^\circ - 11k. \end{aligned} Setting 18011k=XOY=17k180^\circ - 11k = \angle XOY = 17k gives k=457,k = \frac{45}{7}, so BAC=18015457=5857\angle BAC = 180^\circ - 15 \cdot \frac{45}{7} = \frac{585}{7} degrees, and all three angles are acute as required. Then m+n=585+7=592.m + n = 585 + 7 = 592.

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