2021 AIME II 第 10 题

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10.

两个半径为 3636 的球和一个半径为 1313 的球两两外切,并且都与两个不同的平面 P\mathcal{P}Q\mathcal{Q} 相切。平面 P\mathcal{P}Q\mathcal{Q} 的交线为 \ell。从线 \ell 到半径为 1313 的球与平面 P\mathcal{P} 的切点的距离为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Two spheres with radii 3636 and one sphere with radius 1313 are each externally tangent to the other two spheres and to two different planes P\mathcal{P} and Q.\mathcal{Q}. The intersection of planes P\mathcal{P} and Q\mathcal{Q} is the line .\ell. The distance from line \ell to the point where the sphere with radius 1313 is tangent to plane P\mathcal{P} is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:335
知识点:立体几何勾股定理三角学
难度评级:2990
解答:

半径为 rr 且与两个平面相切的球,其球心在二面角的平分半平面上。若二面角为 2θ2\theta,则球心到 \ell 的距离为 rsinθ\frac{r}{\sin\theta}。在过球心且垂直于 \ell 的截面中,\ell 上的点、球心和平面 P\mathcal{P} 上的切点形成一个直角三角形, 在 \ell 处的角为 θ\theta,所以切点到 \ell 的距离为 rcosθsinθ\frac{r\cos\theta}{\sin\theta}

沿 \ell 方向测量位置。两个半径 3636 的球的球心到 \ell 的距离都为 36sinθ\frac{36}{\sin\theta},且两个球心相距 7272,所以它们沿 \ell 方向相差 7272。由对称性,半径 1313 的球心沿 \ell 方向位于它们的中点,且到 \ell 的距离为 13sinθ\frac{13}{\sin\theta}。它与每个大球外切,所以到每个大球心的距离为 4949:因此 (23sinθ)2=492362=1105\left(\frac{23}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 = 49^2 - 36^2 = 1105。由于 232+242=110523^2 + 24^2 = 1105,可得 sinθ=231105\sin\theta = \frac{23}{\sqrt{1105}}cosθ=241105\cos\theta = \frac{24}{\sqrt{1105}}(36sinθ13sinθ)2+362=492,\left(\frac{36}{\sin\theta} - \frac{13}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 + 36^2 = 49^2,

所求距离为 13cosθsinθ=132423=31223\frac{13\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \frac{13 \cdot 24}{23} = \frac{312}{23},已经是最简形式,所以 m+n=312+23=335m + n = 312 + 23 = 335

A sphere of radius rr tangent to both planes has its center on the half-plane bisecting the dihedral angle. If the dihedral angle is 2θ,2\theta, the center is at distance rsinθ\frac{r}{\sin\theta} from .\ell. In the cross-section through the center perpendicular to ,\ell, the point of ,\ell, the center, and the tangent point on P\mathcal{P} form a right triangle with angle θ\theta at ,\ell, so the tangent point lies at distance rcosθsinθ\frac{r\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} from .\ell.

Measure positions along .\ell. The centers of the two radius-3636 spheres are both at distance 36sinθ\frac{36}{\sin\theta} from \ell and are 7272 apart, so they differ by 7272 along ,\ell, and by symmetry the radius-1313 center sits halfway between them along ,\ell, at distance 13sinθ\frac{13}{\sin\theta} from .\ell. External tangency makes its distance to each big center 49:49: (36sinθ13sinθ)2+362=492,\left(\frac{36}{\sin\theta} - \frac{13}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 + 36^2 = 49^2, so (23sinθ)2=492362=1105.\left(\frac{23}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 = 49^2 - 36^2 = 1105. Since 232+242=1105,23^2 + 24^2 = 1105, we get sinθ=231105\sin\theta = \frac{23}{\sqrt{1105}} and cosθ=241105.\cos\theta = \frac{24}{\sqrt{1105}}.

The required distance is 13cosθsinθ=132423=31223,\frac{13\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \frac{13 \cdot 24}{23} = \frac{312}{23}, which is in lowest terms, so m+n=312+23=335.m + n = 312 + 23 = 335.

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