2014 AIME I 第 14 题

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14.

mm 是方程 3x3+5x5+17x17+19x19=x211x4. \begin{aligned} &\frac{3}{x-3} + \frac{5}{x-5} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{17}{x-17} + \frac{19}{x-19} \\ &= x^2 - 11x - 4. \end{aligned} 的最大实数解。存在正整数 aabbcc,使得 m=a+b+cm = a + \sqrt{b + \sqrt{c}}。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Let mm be the largest real solution to the equation 3x3+5x5+17x17+19x19=x211x4. \begin{aligned} &\frac{3}{x-3} + \frac{5}{x-5} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{17}{x-17} + \frac{19}{x-19} \\ &= x^2 - 11x - 4. \end{aligned} There are positive integers a,a, b,b, and cc such that m=a+b+c.m = a + \sqrt{b + \sqrt{c}}. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

答案:263
知识点:分式方程换元法对称性(代数)
难度评级:3060
解答:

两边都加上 44,把每个分式各配上一个一:因为 kxk+1=xxk\frac{k}{x-k} + 1 = \frac{x}{x-k},方程变为 x(1x3+1x5+1x17+1x19)=x211x=x(x11). \begin{aligned} &\scriptsize x\left(\frac{1}{x-3} + \frac{1}{x-5} + \frac{1}{x-17} + \frac{1}{x-19}\right) \\ &= x^2 - 11x = x(x - 11). \end{aligned} 除了 x=0x = 0 之外,可以除以 xx,并令 t=x11t = x - 11,使这些分式成对对称:2tt264+2tt236=t.\frac{2t}{t^2 - 64} + \frac{2t}{t^2 - 36} = t.

除了 t=0t = 0 之外,除以 tt2t264+2t236=1\frac{2}{t^2 - 64} + \frac{2}{t^2 - 36} = 1。令 u=t2u = t^2,清除分母得到 2(u36)+2(u64)2(u - 36) + 2(u - 64) =(u36)(u64)= (u - 36)(u - 64),也就是 u2104u+2504=0u^2 - 104u + 2504 = 0,所以 u=52±200u = 52 \pm \sqrt{200}

最大解为 m=11+52+20019.1m = 11 + \sqrt{52 + \sqrt{200}} \approx 19.1,它大于其他候选解 001111, 以及 11±52±20011 \pm \sqrt{52 \pm \sqrt{200}}。因此 a+b+ca + b + c =11+52+200=263= 11 + 52 + 200 = 263

Add 44 to both sides, giving one unit to each fraction: since kxk+1=xxk,\frac{k}{x-k} + 1 = \frac{x}{x-k}, the equation becomes x(1x3+1x5+1x17+1x19)=x211x=x(x11). \begin{aligned} &\scriptsize x\left(\frac{1}{x-3} + \frac{1}{x-5} + \frac{1}{x-17} + \frac{1}{x-19}\right) \\ &= x^2 - 11x = x(x - 11). \end{aligned} Besides x=0,x = 0, we can divide by xx and substitute t=x11,t = x - 11, which pairs the fractions symmetrically: 2tt264+2tt236=t.\frac{2t}{t^2 - 64} + \frac{2t}{t^2 - 36} = t.

Besides t=0,t = 0, dividing by tt gives 2t264+2t236=1.\frac{2}{t^2 - 64} + \frac{2}{t^2 - 36} = 1. With u=t2,u = t^2, clearing denominators gives 2(u36)+2(u64)2(u - 36) + 2(u - 64) =(u36)(u64),= (u - 36)(u - 64), i.e. u2104u+2504=0,u^2 - 104u + 2504 = 0, so u=52±200.u = 52 \pm \sqrt{200}.

The largest solution is m=11+52+20019.1,m = 11 + \sqrt{52 + \sqrt{200}} \approx 19.1, which exceeds the other candidates 0,0, 11,11, and 11±52±200.11 \pm \sqrt{52 \pm \sqrt{200}}. Therefore a+b+ca + b + c =11+52+200=263.= 11 + 52 + 200 = 263.

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