2009 AIME II 第 10 题

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10.

四座灯塔位于点 AABBCC, 和 DDAA 处的灯塔距 BB 处灯塔 55 千米, BB 处灯塔距 CC 处灯塔 1212 千米,AA 处灯塔距 CC 处灯塔 1313 千米。 对位于 AA 的观察者而言,由 BBDD 的灯光确定的角等于由 CCDD 的灯光确定的角。 对位于 CC 的观察者而言,由 AABB 的灯光确定的角等于由 DDBB 的灯光确定的角。 从 AADD 的距离为 prq\frac{p\sqrt{r}}{q}, 其中 ppqq, 和 rr 是互质正整数, 且 rr 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 p+q+rp + q + r

Four lighthouses are located at points A,A, B,B, C,C, and D.D. The lighthouse at AA is 55 kilometers from the lighthouse at B,B, the lighthouse at BB is 1212 kilometers from the lighthouse at C,C, and the lighthouse at AA is 1313 kilometers from the lighthouse at C.C. To an observer at A,A, the angle determined by the lights at BB and DD and the angle determined by the lights at CC and DD are equal. To an observer at C,C, the angle determined by the lights at AA and BB and the angle determined by the lights at DD and BB are equal. The number of kilometers from AA to DD is given by prq,\frac{p\sqrt{r}}{q}, where p,p, q,q, and rr are relatively prime positive integers, and rr is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find p+q+r.p + q + r.

答案:96
知识点:角平分线坐标几何三角恒等式
难度评级:2990
解答:

因为 52+122=1325^2 + 12^2 = 13^2,角 BB 为直角。取 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(5,0)B = (5, 0)C=(5,12)C = (5, 12)。点 AA 处的条件说明 BAD=CAD\angle BAD = \angle CAD,所以 DD 在角 BACBAC 的角平分线上。由半角公式和 tanBAC=125\tan \angle BAC = \frac{12}{5}tanBAC2=sinBAC1+cosBAC=12/131+5/13=23, \begin{aligned} \tan \frac{\angle BAC}{2} &= \frac{\sin \angle BAC}{1 + \cos \angle BAC} \\ &= \frac{12/13}{1 + 5/13} = \frac{2}{3}, \end{aligned} 因此 DD 在直线 y=23xy = \frac{2}{3}x 上。

CC 处的条件说明 CBCB 平分角 ACDACD,所以射线 CDCD 是射线 CACA 关于直线 CBCB 的反射,而这条直线是竖直线 x=5x = 5。点 AA 的反射点为 (10,0)(10, 0),所以 DD 在过 C=(5,12)C = (5, 12)(10,0)(10, 0) 的直线上,即 5y=12012x5y = 120 - 12x

y=23xy = \frac{2}{3}x5y=12012x5y = 120 - 12x,得 x=18023x = \frac{180}{23}y=12023y = \frac{120}{23}。 因此 AD=602332+22=601323,AD = \frac{60}{23}\sqrt{3^2 + 2^2} = \frac{60\sqrt{13}}{23}, 所以 p+q+r=60+23+13=96p + q + r = 60 + 23 + 13 = 96

Since 52+122=132,5^2 + 12^2 = 13^2, angle BB is right. Place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(5,0),B = (5, 0), C=(5,12).C = (5, 12). The condition at AA says BAD=CAD,\angle BAD = \angle CAD, so DD lies on the bisector of angle BAC.BAC. Using the half-angle formula with tanBAC=125,\tan \angle BAC = \frac{12}{5}, tanBAC2=sinBAC1+cosBAC=12/131+5/13=23, \begin{aligned} \tan \frac{\angle BAC}{2} &= \frac{\sin \angle BAC}{1 + \cos \angle BAC} \\ &= \frac{12/13}{1 + 5/13} = \frac{2}{3}, \end{aligned} so DD lies on the line y=23x.y = \frac{2}{3}x.

The condition at CC says CBCB bisects angle ACD,ACD, so ray CDCD is the reflection of ray CACA over line CB,CB, which is the vertical line x=5.x = 5. The reflection of AA is (10,0),(10, 0), so DD lies on the line through C=(5,12)C = (5, 12) and (10,0),(10, 0), namely 5y=12012x.5y = 120 - 12x.

Solving y=23xy = \frac{2}{3}x and 5y=12012x5y = 120 - 12x gives x=18023,x = \frac{180}{23}, y=12023.y = \frac{120}{23}. Then AD=602332+22=601323,AD = \frac{60}{23}\sqrt{3^2 + 2^2} = \frac{60\sqrt{13}}{23}, so p+q+r=60+23+13=96.p + q + r = 60 + 23 + 13 = 96.

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