2001 AIME I 第 8 题

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8.

如果正整数 NN77 进制表示中的数字,按 1010 进制数来读,等于 NN 的两倍,则称 NN 为一个 七-十双数。例如,5151 是一个七-十双数,因为它的 77 进制表示为 102102。最大的七-十双数是多少?

Call a positive integer NN a 7-10 double if the digits of the base-77 representation of NN form a base-1010 number that is twice N.N. For example, 5151 is a 7-10 double because its base-77 representation is 102.102. What is the largest 7-10 double?

答案:315
知识点:进制数字极限情形界定
难度评级:2430
解答:

NN77 进制数字为 dkd1d0d_k \ldots d_1 d_0 条件是 di10i=2di7i\sum d_i \, 10^i = 2 \sum d_i \, 7^i,也就是 di(10i27i)=0\sum d_i \,(10^i - 2 \cdot 7^i) = 0i=0,1,2,3i = 0, 1, 2, 3 时,系数 10i27i10^i - 2 \cdot 7^i 分别为 1-14-422314314 若有 i3i\ge3,正贡献至少为 314314,但负项总和最多为 i3i\ge3 所以 NN 至多有三位 77 进制数字。 46+6=304\cdot6+6=30

对三位数,条件变为 2d2=4d1+d02 d_2 = 4 d_1 + d_0 为了最大化 N=49d2+7d1+d0N = 49 d_2 + 7 d_1 + d_0,取 d2=6d_2 = 6,于是 4d1+d0=124 d_1 + d_0 = 12;使 7d1+d07 d_1 + d_0 最大的是 d1=3d_1 = 3d0=0d_0 = 0

因此 N=496+73=315N = 49 \cdot 6 + 7 \cdot 3 = 315,它的 77 进制表示为 630=2315630 = 2 \cdot 315

Suppose NN has base-77 digits dkd1d0.d_k \ldots d_1 d_0. The condition is di10i=2di7i,\sum d_i \, 10^i = 2 \sum d_i \, 7^i, that is di(10i27i)=0.\sum d_i \,(10^i - 2 \cdot 7^i) = 0. The coefficients 10i27i10^i - 2 \cdot 7^i for i=0,1,2,3i = 0, 1, 2, 3 are 1,-1, 4,-4, 2,2, 314.314. Every coefficient for i3i\ge3 is positive and at least 314.314. Thus if any digit in a place i3i\ge3 were nonzero, its positive contribution could not be canceled by the two negative terms, whose total magnitude is at most 46+6=30.4\cdot6+6=30. So NN has at most three base-77 digits.

For three digits the condition reads 2d2=4d1+d0.2 d_2 = 4 d_1 + d_0. To maximize N=49d2+7d1+d0,N = 49 d_2 + 7 d_1 + d_0, take d2=6,d_2 = 6, so 4d1+d0=12;4 d_1 + d_0 = 12; the largest value of 7d1+d07 d_1 + d_0 comes from d1=3,d_1 = 3, d0=0.d_0 = 0.

Thus N=496+73=315,N = 49 \cdot 6 + 7 \cdot 3 = 315, whose base-77 representation is 630=2315.630 = 2 \cdot 315.

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