1997 AIME 第 8 题

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8.

有多少个不同的 4×44 \times 4 数组,其每个元素都是 111-1,并且每一行元素之和为 00,每一列元素之和也为 00

How many different 4×44 \times 4 arrays whose entries are all 11's and 1-1's have the property that the sum of the entries in each row is 00 and the sum of the entries in each column is 0?0?

答案:90
知识点:有限制的排列分类讨论
难度评级:2560
解答:

每一行必须含有两个 11 和两个 1-1,所以可用这一行中含 11 的那一对列来表示;每一列最终必须被恰好两行选中。第 11 行有 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 种选择。按第 22 行与第 11 行的重叠情况分类。

如果第 22 行使用同一对列(11 种),那么这两列已满,第 33 行和第 44 行都必须使用互补的一对列,共有 11 种补完。如果第 22 行使用互补的一对列(11 种),那么目前每列都有一个 11,所以第 33 行和第 44 行只需彼此互补:第 33 行有 66 种选择,第 44 行随之确定,共 66 种补完。如果第 22 行与第 11 行恰好共用一列(22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 种),那么一列已满,两列已有一个 11,一列为空;第 33 行和第 44 行都必须取空列以及两个半满列中的一个,所以有 22 种补完。

总数为 6(11+16+42)=6156\,(1 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 6 + 4 \cdot 2) = 6 \cdot 15 =90= 90

Each row must contain two 11's and two 1-1's, so identify each row with the pair of columns holding its 11's; each column must end up chosen by exactly two rows. There are (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 choices for row 1.1. Classify by how row 22 overlaps row 1.1.

If row 22 uses the same pair (11 way), those two columns are full, so rows 33 and 44 must both use the complementary pair: 11 completion. If row 22 uses the complementary pair (11 way), every column has one 11 so far, so rows 33 and 44 need only be a complementary pair themselves: 66 choices for row 3,3, row 44 forced, giving 66 completions. If row 22 shares exactly one column with row 11 (22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 ways), one column is full, two have one 1,1, and one is empty; rows 33 and 44 must each take the empty column together with one of the two half-filled columns, so there are 22 completions.

The total is 6(11+16+42)=6156\,(1 \cdot 1 + 1 \cdot 6 + 4 \cdot 2) = 6 \cdot 15 =90.= 90.

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